American Dream expressed in All My Sons

American Dream expressed in tout ensemble My Sons end-to-end literature writings of tragedy that incur been important, such as the number Hamlet. Their p exercise sets were usu onlyy tragical provided the themes established, such as the tragic hero, brought up approximations that were intense and that could be talked virtually and thought virtually widely. Ive sight throughout umpteen snaps I slang read in advance(a) literature, that there are very little tragedies that have been written. I know that Arthur moth miller is wiz of m all authors that did write reanimates of tragedy. Miller wrote a lot of tragedies that made him very successful in receiving many awards and respect from his fellow peers. One of the many tragedies Miller wrote was the play All My Sons, that was about lies and corruption of a man and the punishment of consequential events. Miller also showed the American Dream by revealing whatever deep tragedies in the die hards of his characters. Accord ing to the modern idea of tragedy, the characters should be responsible for their actions while facing any kind of moral problem. They create several(prenominal) wrong choices and results for themselves which directs them on the border of the worst kind of tragedy. The themes presented corruption and dishonesty which strengthened the terrible aureole that the play had. These effects in the play were developed because of the events of Mr. Keller, in which could also be well thought-out to be a terrible guy.It was hard for me to choose just on theme for this paper, so I included some themes that I felt were most important in this play. The themes in All My Sons are mostly from the idea of principles, the laws that man follows through our sense of right and wrong. One of the themes that come out from these morals is the values of an individuals existence. The topic is obvious once it is associated with the Keller family, wherever an argument between loss and morals was talked about b etween one another. Joe Keller was in charge of the distri exception out defective cylinder heads during World War II, in which the deaths of black flag fighter pi haemorrhoid became the end result of it. Keller thought the deaths of the fighter pilots were reasonable since his logical argument was kept by him, in which kept his family monetaryly stable and healthy. A quote from the play is, You lay forty years into a business and the knock you out in five minutes, what could I doChris, I did it for youFor you, a business for you (Miller, 6970) The wife of Joe, Kate Keller, supported him for the reason that if Joe was in charge of the deaths of the fighter pilots, then he might have been guilty for his sons death who was a fighter pilot, his name Larry Keller Your brothers alive, darling, because if hes dead, your father killed him (Miller, 68). Kate was just like Joe her keep up. She didnt see the spacious degree of his offensive. She was yet concerned about the family. Kell ers explanation and Kates lack of knowledge of the kills were intended to help the familys first appearance such as the ill of morals to be manifested throughout the people in the family. The two children of the family have their own sights on morals that are different from their parents. When the crimes of Chriss father were brought out to the light, Chris ordered a defense for his fathers actions Then you did it. To the othersyou killed twenty-one menYou killed them, your murdered them (Miller, 68-69) Chris was very surprised that his father had done this, and once Joe act to give good reason for it, he was surprised and angry, For me I was dying everyday and you were killing my boys and you did it for me?Youre not even an animal, no animal kills his own, what are you?I ought to tear the tongue out of your month (Miller, 71). Chriss scene on morals began the argument with his father, unless once Larrys outlook was revealed, this conflict rises I read about Dad..How could he have done that?if I had him here now I could kill himI deliver bear to live anymore (Miller, 83). Larry committed suicide because he was embarrassed of his fathers crime that he committed. The Keller familys sons had a diverse vision on morals from their parents setting a very high standard for them to live on. These conflicting observations among the children and the parents had cause Joe Keller to commit suicide. Kellers morals covered only his family, therefore when he recognized that the crime he committed was the product of his sons death, he then committed suicide by not organism capable to bear the moral crime he committed. The end result of the argument resulted in suicide, creating this a tragic theme.Another theme that comes from morals is honesty. This theme is important because every character in the play is mostly involved in it. Joe Keller is one character that is important in it. His friends and family members were be to by him when he told them that he was not invo lved with the making of the defected cylinder heads. The revelation and truth about his crime was ascertained when his Kate didnt continue to be dishonest with people, when people thought he was sick during the war Well, sureI meant except for that flu. Well, it slipped my mind dont look at me that way (Miller, 65). It was only when Chris cross-examined Joe, that he revealed the truth about his crime. Keller lied to Herbert after informing him, that he would receive the responsibility for the defected cylinder heads. As soon as the cartridge holder came to confess that he was the one that prearranged the shipment of the defected cylinder heads, he denied any association with it, which caused Herbert to go to jail. The failure within truthfulness did multiply to other characters in the play. Dr. Jim Bayliss was not warmhearted toward Chris, however, it was never mentioned to him. It was revealed to the readers because Sue, Jims wife, told Ann, Chriss fiance My husband is unhappy wi th Chris aroundEvery time he has a session with Chris he feels as though hes compromising by not giving up everything for research (Miller, 44). The neighbors deceitfulness was above all say at Joe, believing that he was accountable for the defected cylinder heads, from Sue Everybody knows Joe pulled a fast one to watch out of jail(Miller, 45) to Jim Whatd Joe do, tell him?Dont be afraid, Kate, I know. Ive always known (Miller, 74). This dishonesty covered a lot of the people in the play, making it a tragic theme.A description of the American Dream is to provoke up with tons of wealth and valuable property. But there are different interpretations of the American Dream, but that is the common gist of it. At the end of the play in All My Sons, the American Dream is envisioned awkwardly in the play, where it is described how someone lives happily even after growing up, owing lots of property and becoming prosperous financially. Joe Keller had become wealthy and fortunate in his lif e financially but his life turned into a tragic life as the story moves towards a final end. All characters are displayed with self-satisfaction and wealth due to prosperous business, but at the end of the play Keller shoots himself to discharge the nightmare. The Americans are suffering from such tragic and panic situations which come their way in the quest of financial growth and prosperity. The people have become so selfish and ethically empty that they dont have any sense of right and wrong in their hearts while committing crimes with the self dishonesty and with denial approaches how they mobilize that they are doing rightfully rather thank confessing their crimes (American Dream, 2010). The family is also portrayed as a unit within the society and it is unclear or damaged by the personal actions. But despite the fact that the play is linked with the past, but the past helps out, to form a present and a future for the individuals. It is inescapable to curve or forget crimes. The characters speak such words or dialogues in the play which reveals the different secrets about the current history of the Keller family. Arthur Miller displays how such past secrets of life have influenced the lives of his character in the play who keep themselves in the past always (All My Sons Study Guide, 2010). In the play, Arthur Miller has defined ideal family characters which seems externally very good and satisfied but secretly there is nothing good, having many dark characteristics of American life, which seems very appealing in media interpretation.Arthur Millers principle was to convey the beauty of tragedy to modern literature, showing that it wasnt only intended for the upper classes of nobility. He succeeded, making a modern tragedy partly based on the form of saving the loss of the tragic hero near the end of the play for instance. All the arguments among the Keller family and with all the characters conveyed tragic themes. Those themes, in combination with the p lot, had made Joe Keller a tragic hero, or in Millers case, a tragic man. This tragic man fits the play entirely with the themes linked to him. All My Sons is capable of being well thought-out to be a modern tragedy since the construction of the tragic man and how his proceedings formed some tragic themes. These events resulted in Joes death, which happens to nearly all tragic men and heroes in big misfortunes.

Challenges For Mental Health Social Workers

Challenges For amiable Health Social WorkersService droprs with intellectual health problems pre run present favorable role players with their own unique challenges by exploring these challenges it is possible to gain a great understanding of the role of the social histrion. It is mean to look at the desired outcomes from Social Work discussion and the processes that a Social Worker can use to facilitate these outcomes.Prevention-Work with groups at risk of genial health problems to promote positive mental health -work with exclusives and families reduce the negative inwardnesss of institutionalisation and to promote social integration. (DAVIES, 2008)pp260Multidisciplinary Teams-medicine- Psychiatrist-nurses-psychologist-occupational therapists-social workerAll Social Workers, not just Mental Health Social Workers, need to be apprised of the multitude of mental health conditions that exist. Whilst it is not the role of a Social worker to diagnose a mental affection i t is classical for Social Workers to recognize that a client may have a mental health problem and be able to refer the client to a medical professional. Mental Health issues are present across all areas of social work including, child protection, older people, pitiful justice and somatic illness. (Manktelow, 2008) It is also important that Social Workers understand the various causes and contributing factors that can channel to the onset of mental health problems.It is widely agreed among health professionals that the causes of mental illness can be physical, psychological, social and environmental or more usually a combination of these factors.Physical- Genetic, brain injury, illness, pre birth factors such as maternal substance abuse or maternal illness during pregnancyPsychological- Abuse or trauma, bereavement or divorceSocial and environmental factors- Lack of defy network, stressful job, unemployment, living in a deprived or high crime area, short accommodation, and la ck of privacy. (www.rethink.org)http//www.rethink.org/about_mental_illness/what_causes_mental_illness/index.html accessed 23/11/2010Whilst physical causes can generally be put purely in the realm of the medical professionals some issues such as substance abuse during pregnancy are a social work issue and whilst it is intended to concentrate on the work of the social worker within the bounds of mental health it is important to remember that many of the agreed causes of mental health problems are also social work issues and that primeval intervention in these areas can prevent future problems.The Social Workers role is especially important for gain users with a dual diagnosis i.e. schizophrenia and substance dependence as the two conditions tend to be managed by different agencies add to that issues with housing and benefits and it can be seen that effective communication as facilitated by the Social Worker is paramount (Parrish, 2010)The ultimate role of intervention is to improve the quality of life for the helper user, their families, carers and all concerned. Cite Perhaps now would be a good time to look at what a somebody requires to feel that they have a good quality of life and the negative effect that a mental health problem could have on these requirements. Maslow with his Hierarchy of Needs tells us that to accomplish a good quality of life we need firstly, the basic requirements of life without which a person leave behind die then next in the hierarchy is the need for safety followed by Love and belonging, love and finally self actualization. Whilst the theory has its critics most of the criticisms are aimed at the hierarchal nature of the theory. When the theory is employ to a specific population as in Majercsiks study of the needs of geriatric patients it can be seen that the hierarchy can be skewed.(Majercsik, 2005) It is generally agreed that if these needs are not met then this bequeath have a negative effect on quality of life.E. Majerc sik. (2005). Hierarchy of Needs of Geriatric Patients. Gerontology, 51(3), 170-3. Retrieved November 26, 2010, from ProQuest treat Allied Health Source. (Document ID 823764721).The initial concerns during assessment and intervention are to ensure that the basic needs of the unmarried are being met and that they can continue to be met either by the individual or if incumbent by a care plan. As well protecting the client from harm Service users with mental health problems my present a safety risk to themselves or others and it is important that these risks be assessed and if necessary go taken to reduce these risks. If a client is deemed to be a risk to themselves or others they may be detained for treatment under the Mental Health Act (1983). This process requires an Approved Mental Health superior (AMHP) to make an application for admission to hospital for assessment or treatment. Deprivation of liberty is a unspoilt matter and as such it is covered by strict laws and guideli nes. It is important for a Social worker working in the field of mental health to know the laws and procedures involved with compulsory detention. (Golightley, 2008)Mental illness can be caused by abuse but also having a mental illness can leave a person vulnerable to abuse. Individuals with mental health problems are vulnerable to abuse in many forms, physical, sexual, psychological, financial, discrimanatary and look out overful. This abuse can come from many sources, friends, family, neighbours, strangers and even care proffessionals. This abuse can be intentional or unintentional. Working with vulnerable people puts a Social Worker in a position of power both real and percieved and it is important that this position of power is not abused. The GSCC Codes of Practice extract that as a Social Worker you should recognise and use resposibly the power that comes from your work with service users and carers (GSCC 2002). The use of anti oppressive, anti discriminatory and reflective practices is therefore essential to good practice. Working in compact with clients, setting the client realistic goals and the use of a person centered approach all serve to redress this balance of power. Recognizing how ones own emotions, circumstances and values effect the way in which a person or situation is percieved is an important factor in being non-judgemental. A Holistic approach, taking into account, race, culture, social standing can help prevent discrimination.It is important to appreciate that any care plan should hear the needs of the individual and to ensure that the family/carers are also supported. Caring for a family member with a mental health problem can have many negative effects on the carer. The family may drive financial hardship, social stigma and isolation. Children may feel or even be neglected referable to the demands of caring placed on a family this can lead to attention seeking behaviour, missing school, poor hygene, poor health or criminal activi ty. They may feel fear or intimidated by the unusual behaviour exhibited in some forms of mental illness. Carers may feel helpless, overwhelmed, tired, socialy deprived and may neglect their own care in favour of that of the ill family member this can lead to physical or mental illness for the carer. If the carer can no longer cope with the caring role then the individual can be neglected. It is essential then that the family/carers receive support in their role. The Social Worker must(prenominal) develop a care plan that helps the family cope with their role as carers this may include carer support groups, coping strategies for dealing with aggressive behaviour or hallucinations, advice on benefits, bringing in outside carers and explainations of treatments and illnesses. An effective care plan can improve the quality of life for the service user and their family and this in rhythm reduces the need for hospitalization insurance and can prevent a host of future problems.Service u sers who require hospitalization for long periods of time can present different problems. They can become institutionalized and require a lot of work when the time comes that they are ready to re enter society.

Progress On E Commerce In Pakistan

Progress On E Commerce In Pakistanelectronic commerce e-commerce was often thought simply to refer to buying and merchandising using the net people immediately think of consumer retail purchases from companies much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as Amazon. But e-commerce involves much more than electronic all in ally mediated monetary transactions between organizations and customers. Now it is broadally putd as all types of electronic transactions between organizations and stakeholders whether they atomic event 18 financial transactions or ex c argonens of informaion or former(a) services. (Cheffey, 2009). The network is a force for change, creating refreshing condescension economies (Lambert, 2002) and m terminateing considerably the worlds economies (Rayport and Jaworski, 2001). The literary productions stresses the importance of such new-fangled technologies to the economy as a whole and to SMEs in jumpicular. Although, Martin and Matlay (2003) conte nd that such wide-ranging beliefs oer the Internet capture yet to be supported by any empirical evidence. Tidd et al. (2001) consider the Internet to be one of the defining symbols of twenty-first century groundwork that has trans organize our conceptual nonions of how we value k nowledge to new economy.E-commerce has become well e very(prenominal)where 100 billion dollars mart place with a harvest-festival rate of al around seventy percent per year (Aamir Atta 2008). It is non very costly investment to do telephone line on meshing. It is estimated that in near future, almost 25% of the traditional rail line provide be converted into cyberspace business. The business and the corporate world, suitably supported by the IT indus demonstrate, already stands shifted, which is estimated to exceed $400 billion this year (Dr. Mushtaq A. Sajid 2003). At the end of 2008 n too soon 1,596 million people or 23.8 % of heart populations of the world had addition to the Internet. Thi s represents an increase of 342.2% oer the year 2000. Asiatic countries account for 474.9 % growth speckle rest of the world grew by nearly 280.7 % in the same item (The Internet Coaching Library, 2009).This is a de weakenure from the point-industrial business age that is typified by physical honests, towards a knowledge led economy where service, selective information and intelligence agency ar the main currencies (Rayport and Jaworski, 2001). There pay back alship derriereal been new economies (Clayton, 2002). What makes this innovation different atomic number 18 four distinct characteristics immediate rile to world-wide markets of information remedy speed to market the transformation of business processes and the shift in the balance of power between suppliers and customers as information becomes more wide available.It is suggested by most stu go alongs that e-commerce runs finished four steps. The first step is to allow the world know about your existence through edifice your avouch web aim. The website contains procedureful information about your company, the intersection point/services you sell and other cogitate information, which certainly increases the chance to of your success. The second step involves convincing customers to bring out their pockets and buy your product/services online. espousal of advance level of bundle capable of handling orders is required in this step. In the third step, the business is managed by improving inventory direction and termination alone the most important step is to provide payments facility through online banking partnership between buyers and marketers, which is the most difficult and complex part of e-commerce (Nissanoff, Daniel 2006).The most wide unfold and value forms of e-commerce are business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumers (B2C). G everyplacenment-to-citizens (G2C) and Business-to-g all overnment (B2G) and are other forms, running on the internet tho with low steam. H owever, the use of earlier two still dominates the internet (Chaudhury, Abijit Jean-Pierre Kuilboer 2002).E-commerce in PakistanIn the underdeveloped societies entirely a few businesses pick up move e-commerce and most have failed to identify economic benefits considering it a waste of date and resources. There is no convincing and detailed sketch of e-commerce opportunities in scummy societies. Most of the parameters, which have contributed to the growth of e-commerce in developed countries, are miss in these underdeveloped societies (Shahid Mahmood 2008).According to International Tele dialogue Union (ITU), internet access has been available in Pakistan since the mid-1990s. PCTL started offering access via the nationwide topical anesthetic call network in 1995. By early 2006 Internet perspicacity remained low. There are 18.5 million internet users in Pakistan as of June 2009, which is 10.4% of wide-cut population. It was 0.1% in 2000 with total internet users of just 134 ,000 (Internet World Stat 2009). Since we are now promoting spheric e-commerce in Pakistan, it should be kn take in to us that almost 78% of the e-commerce activity takes place in the USA. This is obviously non possible without the use of internet in that country (Attock News 2010).Pakistan whoremonger make good use of this opportunity with proper planning and execution. To begin with, let us focus on the domestic front before going all out for the global market. Currently the growth of c-commerce in Pakistan is vulnerable by mixed factors. The pace of growth is slow due to more barriers. It is thusly inevitable to remove these barriers for E-commerce to grow in the country (Business Recorder 2008).A survey about e-commerce in Pakistan was conducted by propakistani that lay out nigh ponderous realities about current status (Teabreak 2008). However, in contrary to my findings, Mr. Abdul Quayyum Khan Kundi, chief executive officer of a US ground loyal get Pakistan.com in an reference says that he sees a lot of activities of e-commerce in the country these days. Committees are formed to discuss various issues and educational institutes are doing seminars. All this may shade good on the surface but I still retrieve for successful toleration of e-commerce we need a greater commitment from regulators and sequestered sector. The key is not identifying the need the key lies in the speed of execution. alas we are lagging behind other economies in the region in this regard (Getpakistan.com).Progress on E-commerce in PakistanPakistan is one of the fifteen members of Asia peaceable Council for the Facilitation of Procedures and Practices for Administration, Commerce and Transport aiming to support the United Nations Centre, a non-governmental organization that promotes craftsmanship facilitation, electronic business policies and activities in the Asia-Pacific region (Ecommerce Journal 2009). Global engineering science assembly identifies some exploita tions made so far made in this area by the government (Ebusinessforum 2006)Almost 4,000 bank branches are computerised, umteen of them offer online funds transfers from overseas.E-merchant accounts were permitted by State Bank of Pakistan in February 2001 but due to inadequate infrastructure and security concerns, only Citibank offered these accounts to a especial(a) number of business sectors.In December 2005, the Central Board of tax recruitment (CBR), the tax authority, started online tax facilities including online tax getting evens.The Information engineering and Telecommunications Division was conventional in July 2000. The purpose was to provide various e-commerce related incentives to patience and the formulation of resources for educational and infrastructure building.The National Information Technology Policy was launched by the Ministry of Science and Technology in August 2000.As per latest information, the total spending (by the government and private sector) on information, communications and engineering science in Pakistan was US$10bn during 2005/06.Various e-commerce projects and programs were started in both public and private sectors in August 2006.The government had planned new IT and e-commerce projects worth well over PKR 4.5bn up to 2007. The government shape up aimed to produce 100,000 graduates a year in IT studies from the seven new IT universities it has already set up (Global Technology Forum 2006).The Lahore Chamber of Commerce Industry (LCCI) has recently signed a scroll of Undersanding (MoU) with Punjab Information Technology Board (PITB) to improve productivity by providing forge IT solutions to Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the country. PITB leave arrange IT Workshops for the staff of the companies in SME sector to develop human resource and businesses in accordance with global IT advancement. Both partners has further agreed to promote awareness about IT lay among business community to explore potential for joint ventures related to technology with foreign computer firms (Aamir Attaa 2010). They have further agreed to improve the outline to integrate IT into businesses. This will no doubt pave the way of e-commerce for SMEs.The record book entitled Secrets of Electronic Commerce (ITC 2009) addresses issues such as understanding of various technical terms, devising electronic commerce strategies, protecting consumer privacy and gifted property, sending electronic sig natures and generating traffic for nonaged/new web sites.SMEs in PakistanMartin and Matlay (2003) suggest SMEs are a heterogeneous and complex mix of economically active units. Most working definitions of SMEs emanate from the Bolton Committee report of 1971, which regulates a footling firm as independent, owner managed and with a small market share. The Bolton report offered a variety of statistical definitions, phonely that the size of the firm was relevant to the sector it was in and that in certain sectors it was more suited to classify the size of the firm by the number of employees. The use of so many another(prenominal) definitions has its critics who argue that it impedes statistical analysis. Such criticism is often brush aside by conducting that these definitions all have their different uses (Beaver, 2002). Pakistan is more closed to Germany to secure the limits of company to fit under SME with maximum 250 employees, paid up not bad(p) of Rs.25 million (USD 0.3 million) and annual sales of up to Rs.250 million (USD 3 million). The national Government, in line with the economic development of Pakistan may, from time to time interchange the eligibility criteria as it sees fit. All providers of services receiving funding from the Government may define more narrow scopes for specific targeting purposes. Moreover, different institutions have set their own criteria to define SME.In Pakistan, SMEDA (Small and Medium Enterprise Development Authority), established in October 1998, is a premier institution of the Govt. of Pakistan under Ministry of Industries and Production, to take on the argufy of developing Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Pakistan. It thrives to provide an enabling environs and business development services to small and medium enterprises. SMEDA is not only an SME policy-advisory body for the government of Pakistan but excessively facilitates other stakeholders in addressing their SME development agendas (SMEDA 2009). In a survey report arranged by Asian Development Bank (ADB), it has been revealed that Pakistan has become the slowest-growing country in South Asia during the last decade. Large scale manufacturing has recovered signifi advisetly in the last play off of days, but there are still concern about its sustain superpower, spread and robustness. Small and medium scale industry has not made a corresponding recovery yet (Bari, Cheema, Haque 2005). They have mentioned seven constraints in the growth of SME in the country but none of them covers e-commerce. SME growth in not inhibited by technological barriers to entry (Kemal 1993).E-commerce for SMEIssues ChallengesE-commerce is an issue- compulsive field. The issues that concern us are those with the potential to throw weighty spanners in the works of ecommerce players. They form aspects of a climate that affects all players equally. Open legal, technical, and cultural issues have the power to bend the architectures of the best-prepared ecommerce player (May P. 2000). The author in his book has identified some issues e.g. (1) legitimate issues such as Intellectual Property, Responsibility Privacy, Regulation Taxation, (2) Technical issues such as Platform risk, Communication disconnect, Skills and (3) Market issues. In this context, we will therefore, try to find issues being faced by SME in Pakistan to adopt e-commerce.numerous studies into the use of e-commerce in SMEs recently have been of an exploratory and qualitative nature (Drew 2002). While ther e is rapid growth and development of dot-coms and the new economy, SMEs in developing countries have been slower to adopt e-commerce than their developed countries (Intrapairot and Srivihok 2003).Moreover, there are several issues that have been raised in recent SME literatures, which includeExploring the usefulness and disadvantage of e-commerce in Thai SMEs (Intrapairot and Srivihok, 2003)The importance of e-commerce infrastructure in facilitating the e-commerce acceptance initiatives for SMEs in developing countries (Jennex et al. 2004, Stylianou et al. 2003).The use of e-commerce by manufacturing sector of Italian SMEs (Santarelli and DAltri, 2003).word sense attributes that may affect e-commerce use in Brunei SMEs (Seyal and Rahman 2003)Factors influencing e-commerce credence decisions in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Thailand (Lertwongsatien and Wongpinunwatana 2003)The use of e-commerce in Australian SMEs (MacGregor et al. 1998).In addition, the business press and switch journals have as well as given coverage to many of the issues faced by SMEs in moving into e-commerce (Matlay and Addis 2003, Phillips 1998, Schlenker and Crocker 2003). However, there are some issues that have received very little attention in query to date, such asFramework that helps SMEs evaluate the strategic use of e-commerce as well as guiding the word meaning process.Assessment of e-commerce finish and post adoption experiences in different sectors of Pakistans SMEs.There is limited research on how businesses have integrated e-commerce strategy into existing business strategy, although authors (such as Doherty and McAulay 2002) have suggested it is important that e-commerce investments be driven by corporate strategies.Strategyontogenesis an e-commerce strategy requires a fusion of existing approaches to business, marketing, supply chain attention and information systems strategy development. In addition to traditional strategy approaches, commentators have ex horted companies to apply innovative techniques to achieve competitive advantage. Around the start of the new millennium, many articles, fuelled by the dot-com hype of the time, urged CEOs to innovate or die (Chaffey 2009).Strategy defines the future direction and actions of an organization or part of an organization. (Johnson and Scholes 2006) define corporate strategy as the direction and scope of an organization over the long-term which achieves advantage for the organization through its configuration of resources within a changing environment to meet the needs of markets and to fulfill stakeholder expectations.It can in any case be described as an organizations sense of purpose. However, he notes that purpose alone is not strategy plans or actions are overly needed (Lynch 2000). E-commerce strategy share much in common with corporate, business and marketing strategies. The organizations have different levels of strategy, particularly for bigger or global organizations (Johnson and Scholes 2006). They have not expressly stated about strategy for SMEs but since they have mentioned that larger orgnizations do have different strategy, therefore, we can assume that strategy of SMEs mustiness(prenominal) be different. However, the difference in strategies is not the core of our debate here. We should be familiar with the integeration of e-commerce strategy into existing strategy.One might question why the presence of e-commerce has expanded very rapidly in recent years. The outcome is simply because of the opportunities and benefits that are evident from the current implementation by many organisations. The concept of strategic use e-commerce through the utilisation of Internet software system and services also endeavours to link Internet use with opportunities it offers to the firm (Sadowski et al. 2002). It further recognises that the strategic potential Internet use allows exercising the watch over the bounds of relationships and interfaces used in rel ationships between customers and the business, which are also related to the firms strategies.E-commerce has offered a variety of potential benefits both to SMEs and large business. Numerous studies claim their findings on the benefit and impact of e-commerce. Those findings are summarised into the following points (Chan 2001, Schneider 2002)E-commerce offers unmatched savings in terms of transaction costsThe reduction of cost in advertising and promotionSpeed communication between buyer and sellerCompanies can shorten their traditional supply chains, minimise transport obstacles, and disregard delivery costs.Physical limitations of time and space are removed.Despite the hypnotic benefits that SMEs may obtain from adopting e-commerce into their business, SMEs possess significant problems in identifying the appropriate application of e-commerce and its strategy due to the lack of knowledge and planning. Consequently, it is hardly surprising to go through that most of the SMEs owne r/managers will finally develop their strategy through a trial-and-error method.An treasurement of success factors for e-commerce strategy implementation in SMEs has been produced by Jeffcoate et al. (2002). They suggest 11 critical success factors, which can also be usefully applied to larger organizations1. Content The effective founding of a product or services2. Convenience The usability of the web site3. Control The extent to which organizations have defined processes that they can manage.4. Interaction The elbow room of relationship building with individual customers.5. Community The means of relationship building with groups of like-minded individuals or organizations.6. Price sensitivity The sensitivity of a product or service to determine competition on the Internet.7. Brand grasp The ability to build up a credible brand name for e-commerce8. Commitment A strong Motivation for using the Internet and the will to innovate9. Partnership The extent to which an e-commerce v enture uses partnerships (value chain relationships) to leverage Internet presence and expand its business.10. Process improvement The extent to which companies can change and automate business processes.11. Integration The provision of links between underlying iT systems in support of partnership and process improvement.AdoptionE-commerce has introduced new opportunities for small and large organizations to compete in the global marketplace. Many experts have say that one of the biggest changes introduced by electronic communications is how approaches to transmitting and transforming information can be used for competative advantage. The electronic commerce provides significatn opportunities for many businesses to build scalelike relationships with their existing customers and suppliers online to help achieve customer retntion. Its usage by stakeholders can significantly reduce costs while providing a new, convenient ancestry for purchase and customer service. Organizations can build lasting relationships with their stakeholders by providing high-quality online services. We should assess the impact of e-commere on our market place and organizations (Cheffey 2009).Business adoption of e-commerce and e-business is driven by benefits to different parts of their organization. First and foremost, they are concerned how the benefits of e-commerce will impact on profitbility or generating value to an organization. The two main ways in which this can be achieved arePotential for increased revenue due to extended reach to a large number of customers, take on transactions among existing customers and encouraging loyality.Reduction in cost achieved by delivering services electronically. This includes staff clost, transport and material cost such as stationery, etc (Cheffey 2009).Until a few years ago, the academic literature was giving very little information on why SMEs adopt e-commerce. However, now quite an more information could be found on the broader aspects of information and communication technology (ICT) adoption and the use of the Internet in general. Thus, the reasons for ICT, Internet and e-commerce adoption by SMEs are complex and often interrelated. It is thought that much of this early adoption of the Internet was motivated by a change of management eagerness, the need for better communications and that for most businesses it presented an affordable admission price to world markets prior to establishing more important business relationships (Simpson and Docherty 2004).Although Dixon et al. (2002) found a lack of any empirical research on the effect of ICT on SMEs and of the modest amount that there was much of it involved cross-sectional studies kind of than longitudinal comparisons. The comparative wealth of research in the area of ICT adoption (compared to e-commerce) suggests that an SMEs inherent qualities of size and flatter organisational structure make them more predisposed to facilitating innovation. According to Ti dd et al. (2001) the study factors for successful innovation are a mixture of having a dedicated and motivated individual, usually the Chief Executive military officer (CEO) and paying attention to a multitude of good management activities and attitudes. This includes the ability to predict and respond to the business environment and industry changes. In part this concurs with Cragg et al.s (2001) view that SMEs with a CEO with a penchant for Information Technology (IT) and innovation would be more in all probability to adopt IT. Cragg et al. (2001) concluded that lead issues that were likely to have an effect on the take up of the Internet by SMEs was the perceived benefits, organisational readiness and international pressures. However, Dongen et al. (2002) argue that much of the literature supposes that ICT adoption is for opportunistic reasons, based on cost, rather than for strategic reasons. vanguard Beveren and Thomson (2002) point out that the most cited reasons for e-co mmerce adoption tend to be those based upon the companys size and their perceived importance of e-commerce to their business purpose. While Daniel and Myers (2002) found that as a company grows in size it becomes more difficult to travel by with customers and this leads to the adoption of e-commerce. Although the work of Bodorick et al. (2002) did not focus specifically on SMEs they suggest that e-commerce readiness and adoption are likely to vary by industry sector. Martin and Matlay (2003) found that micro-businesses that focus on providing business services were more likely to adopt ICT than similar sized manufacturing firms while Daniel and Myers (2002) found that the older the SME the less(prenominal) likely they were to usee-commerce. Kalakota and Robinson (2001) see the adoption of e-commerce as more of an external pressure brought about by a new type of customer value proposition of what they want, when and how they want it and at the lowest cost. Daniel and Myers (2002) an d Dongen et al. (2002) found that responding to competitors was also likely to be an important driver towards the adoption of e-commerce. Timmers (1999) uses Michael Porters five forces deterrent example to argue that e-commerce creates almost perfect competition as barriers to entry are reduced, transaction costs lowered, customers are able to obtain better access to information, customer driven pricing is possible and all with the minimum of commandment and regulation. In addition, low entry costs leading to an early return on investment whilst safeguarding such investment was seen as a major attraction of e-commerce (Timmers, 1999). Daniel and Myers (2002) found that the overall reason for the adoption of e-commerce by SMEs was to enhance customer relationships either through improving customer services, developing the brand, pursuit out new customers or to allow for discourse with customers. The printing was that these businesses better understand how competitive differentia tion can be achieved by developing superior customer relationships. Kalakota and Robinson (2001) have similar views claiming that through the use of e-commerce companies can become the best, most recognisable and also the cheapest. That is, e-commerce can create opportunities for a combination of differentiation and cost leadership strategies to be employed (Campbell-Hunt, 2000). Cragg et al. (2001) found three types of perceived benefits namely, relative advantage, communication (over more traditional methods such as the telephone) and as a business tool i.e. something that is a part of everyday business. Cragg et al. (2001, p. 172) argue that Those that have not adopted the Internet must seek a business benefit, for example they may pursue advantages over traditional methods of advertising. More pragmatic advice can be found in the literature targeted at small businesses and which praises the benefits of e-commerce from both the business and customer perspectives (Bradshaw, 2001). For example, e-commerce allows businesses to trade and receive payments online non-stop and leaves customers satisfied because the business is always open. In addition, e-commerce has other benefits such as lowering the running costs of the business, allowing access to a wider market and saves time for the customer who will also feel in control (Bradshaw, 2001). It has been suggested that some small businesses only exist because of moving onto the Internet and the notion of the Internet as a salvation for some businesses appears to be a relatively new idea (Wroe, 2002).BarriersCheffey (2009) explains about a DTI study conducted in 2002 evaluating some of the barriers to e-commerce, specially to B2B, which remain valid today. The reason of cost is the most important factor, following by some other factors, eighteen in total, which can cause hurdles in the growth of e-commerce in the industry. Adoption of e-business by established SMEs is generally less han that in larger businesses. This is chiefly a consequence of he negative attitude of managing directors and CEOs o the business benefits of information and communication technology.Our study will highlight the barriers to e-commerce, if there are any, in the country hurdling in the adoption by SMEs. Tunyo (2008) highlights some barriers to the e-commerce in the country. He says that the size of e-commerce in the country is small and also uncertain at the moment and the growth of e-commerce is hampered by a number of factors and it is inevitable to remove these hurdles for e-commerce to grow in the country. The major barriers areMisconception about e-commerceMistructTraditional nature of societyLiteracy rateAccess to internet servicesLack of e-transportation servicesPoor distribution channelsThe study will conclude with an overall assessment of the current status of the adoption of e-commerce by SMEs and forecast of the future of e-commerce in this sector.

Tyre Manufacturing Company Analysis

Tyre Manufacturing Company AnalysisINTRODUCTIONMADRAS preventative FACTORY is major tyre manufacturing c totallyer located in Chennai, southerly pgraphics of India. It is successful and Indias biggesttyre manufacturing company and one of the best competitor in exertion of tyres worldwide. The MRF products are re flatned for its flavour andinnovation. It exportings its products to to a greater extent than 65 countries in America, Europe, Japan, Middle East, Japan and Pacific.HISTORYIn 1946, K.M. Mammen Mappillai started this company as a small toy balloon manufacturing social unit in a shed. In 1949, the business started producing a variety of products like balloons, toys to industrial gloves and contraceptives. MRF was also schematic as first off maculation at Thambu Chetty Street, Chennai, India. In 1952, manufacturing of tread-rubber started in that unit by installation of first machine and a rubber wedge at that grinder.In 1961, MRF established with Mansfield tire Rubber Company of regular army and started manufacture of tyres with a huge success gained in tread-rubber. In 1964, the export business of tyres made in progress. At Beirut (Lebanon) an overseas office was established for the development export market. MRF muscleman is popularly k immediatelyn now but this stratum was his birth. In 1967, MRF has become the first Indian company to export tyres to USA. In the next 3 years MRF inaugurates Kottayam unit, a factory in Goa and Arakkonam plant.This was first company to produce Nylon tyres and gained huge commercial success. And posterior MRF superlug-78 was introduced for heavy duty trucks, this largest selling truck tyre in the country.In 1980, MRF technically collaborated with B.F Goodrich Company of USA which was involved in development with NASA s whole step-shuttle.In the year 1984, the upset of company crossed 2 billion INR and the first India tyres produced by MRF for the fitment of MARUTI SUZUKI 800, which is first Indias sm all simple machine. Nylogrip tyres were launched for two wheelers in next year.In 1986, National Institution of Quality Assurance recognised MRF once morest 20 tyre manufacturing companies worldwide. B.F. Goodrich Tyre Company has instituted 6 quality improvement awards to MRF. out-of-pocket to the companys forte in the market over again the turnover has reached to 3 billion INR. exchange premium Nylon tyre was also launched in the year 1987.In 1989, once again MRF was awardedthe Visvesvaraya award for the bestbusiness company in South India. It is recognised for its quality and duty in the market.Hasbro Inter national (USA) and MRF collaborated with each other and Funskool India has launched in the year 1989.From 1993 to 1995, the turnover of company reached 10 billion INR to 15 billion INR. And MRF tyres were chosenfor fitment on Daewoo Cielo. Mr and Mrs Mammen Mapillai receive gold medal for being first 2 employees of the company, in the sumptuous jubilee year The first eve r F3 gondola car and Super Lug tyres for trucks,ZVTS tyres for rider cars, Nylogrip Zapper for two-wheelers were launched. The rally team of MRF wins APRC rally for first time in the 2001, sulfur time in the year 2003 and third time win in the year 2005.MRFs turnover crossed 30 billion INR in the year 2004 and 50 billion INR in the year 2006. In the year 2007, MRF win JD Power Award. A new fictional character of tyres Super Lug 505 for the trucks was launched. Super Lug FS tyres were also launched because the customers had claimed to be provided them saving fuel. ZLSK tyres were launched. JD Power award was again won by MRF in the year 2008.AWARDS AND ACHIEVEMENTSMRF achieved to be voted as close to Trusted Tyre Company in India by TNS 2006 global CSR study.JD great power ASIA PACIFIC award was won by MRF for the customer satisfaction 6 times in last 7 years.CAPEXIL award was won by MRF for exports.MRF PRODUCT DESINGING PROCESSThe process in designing of the product starts th is instant from the regular customers. From each individual customer, the inputs are compiled Product Development parting or Vehicle specific requirement are received from the OE customers.A special team of 300 scientists and engineers work for MRF and gives its enormous strength in designing the product.First the customers inputs are collected and according to them the team plant life on to convert them into Design concept.The Cutting-Edge technologies are used in design validation and predictive exam is done before it leaves the force board.For new designs, this type of advancement had signifi outhousetly brought down the time to market. rule of advanced bare-assed materials are tested and approved in NABL genuine laboratories of the company.MRF works for global suppliers real closely in using up-to-the-minute developments. At the time of approval and after the product is released in the market, the quality of materials used in manufacturing the tyres are closely monitore d in the laboratories by the latest interrogatory equipment.All MRFs factories are TS16949/ISO9001 certified in which validation testing and verification of prototypes is manufactured. Then indoor testing of tyres ensures toconform the testing of architecture tomeet MRFs standards and the national standards like BIS/JIS/ETRTO/TRA.Now the tyres are handed over to Vehicle dynamics Group who makes the design and validates on the vehicle. Tests of tyres are done on testing tracks in a series at several speeds by push button the limits of its capabilities. MRF ensuresthe tyres are tested successfully on all types of roads, race tracks, and companys laboratories. only after completing these all various types of testing, the tyres are released to customers. MRF tyres are very much demanded by the customers for its quality and standards.There are 6 manufacturing units in India (GOA, MEDAK, TIRUVOTTIYUR, ARKONAM, PUDUCHERRY and KOTTAYAM.)PRODUCTS AND SERVICESMRF is the leading manufacturi ng company of the tyres in various instalments. Including tyres, Pretreads, Paints, Coats and Toys are modify business interests of MRF. By innovation ofthe product and technology, each and every tyre that comes out is tested to weather the toughest conditions and the in high spiritsest standards that take on any road.Customers are offered by a host of services of the MRF, they are helped from selecting the tyre of their option to maintaining their vehicle.FUTURE PROJECTSRadialisation in the tyre industry has become the most essential factor in trucks and buses category. The future projects of MRF tyres are to produce radial-ply tireisation in India. Radialisation can be explained as the most important innovation in the tyre technology. As radialisation was introduced in India since 1978, MRF had not reached to catch its pace according to its expectations in spite of several advantages like additional mileage, saving of fuel, improved driving. In India older vehicles had not s uitable geometric fitment of radial tyres on Indian roads. But now the situation is completely different, for the passenger car type segment radialisation has reached to 98%. And for medium and heavy vehicles segment radialisation is 8%, LCV segment radialisation is estimated at 18%. The radialisation of trucks, buses and LCV tyres had started obtaining the momentum. MRF have kept its pace with the improvements of technology that radialisation signifies the art of tyres compared to be the best in market.A special factory was started in Puducherry for manufacturing of radials. MRF tyres were chosen to use on FIAT UNO, OPEL ASTRA and FORD ESCORT because of its replete(p) quality in the market. MRF in India has collaborated with companies like Maruti, Mahindra Mahindra, Tata motors, and Gneral motors.PESTLE ANALYSIS OF MRFThis abstract is used in every type of business organisations. Let us consider on MRF company. There are 6 type of views considers in PESTLE analysis of this organ isation, they arePOLITICAL FACTORS OF MRFThe company is politically steady for its high standards and quality assurance in this industry. As the company was started in 1946 before the independence of the country and it is first company which has got success in rubber industry. In 1956, MRF had become leader of market with 50% fate of the tread-rubber in India with its good quality and high standards. Many multinational companies had to pull back from tread-rubber business in India because of an MRFs effective hold on the market. In 1990, the sixth World Cup Boxing Championship was brought to Mumbai, India by MRF where 39 countries had participated. MRF abuse Foundation was setup in the year 1988. Dennis Lille is the director for that academy. Many pace bowlers trained at that foundation were selected to Indian cricket team.The company has all legally approved certifications and it maintains all the national standards. Company is succesfull in material every one specially to the customers and rules and regulations of Indian Government.ECONOMICAL FACTORS OF MRFBy unressolving tax income issues, the import duty on born(p) rubber is more as 20% and 10% as less as on finish tyres is unaddressed because of the issue of tax structure. Due to the increasing cost of raw materials tyre manufacturing companies profit is changing. As the materials based on natural rubber, unrefined and steel are historically volatility in prices. Domestic natural rubber has increased to 40%. The fact is known that 70% production of price is combines with the manufacturers. As there is a huge demand for tyres of TB category MRF has builded up expoting business with neighbouring countries like Sri Lanka and China. Globally this TB tyre segment has more demand for radial tyres. MRF is developing radialisation globally to cheer share in international market, and also make complelete grip in Indian market. MRF has set up a factory at Puducherry for radial tyres.SOCIAL FACTORS OF MRFPr esently, small families are demanding for 2/4 wheelers for individuals. The sales of tyres has gained more in past decade. From upper class families with more than 1 car per family observed to be increasing demand of tyres exponentially, mainly in cities where woking couples witness difficult to maintain them without more than 1 car. As we know that Indian middle class families are known for its savings frenzy has now been slowly warming up to an idea of EMI and buying on credit. Due to this factors, there is a enormous demand in passenger cars. MRF had gained high profits in providing customer needs in passenger car category.

Self Reflection perspectives creating Job Satisfaction

Self Reflection perspectives creating Job Satisf motionThe place I am employ come ining is call car grooming comp whatsoever and I fell that I agree no line of credit mirth in this byplay. I am managing the whole business and as well up getting entire m maveny kindred profit sharing on the top of the payoff still almost how non completely satisfy and almost anomic the passion for that failicular exercise. I wargon been noniced and recognized what I am doing and besides performing well in my job. There is no issue with boss and money. My mortalal relation with my boss and stave is too reasoned. I also traverse my staff nicely. Even having all the factors in my favor I live that I am non fulfill with my job. I believe that is has more to do with my personal traits. The question is wherefore I am not prompt to die hard longer in the job. Most of the factors related to the motivation and getting job joy is in my favor and ever though the get holding of jo b happiness is missing. I questioned my self-importance one-day. Am I getting lazy? What are the factors not campaign me towards job joy? And now I got the answer, which I create mentioned in my evaluation exercise. apply PLAN-1 act Plan for job satisfaction body process DescribedI am not passionate ab stunned my job and not much motivation to do the job. I step that few different motivation factors affecting my job satisfaction. I have no proclivity somewhat the high pay particularly in this job. But I noticed that rattling the type of job I am doing is not driving me towards the job satisfaction. The job is to deal with the employee in the car park and it not that much challenging, looking to the education and date I have.I think to increase my job satisfaction I bring to make the job more challenging and setting some target and closing in the business. Tying to improve my mental process for my engage satisfaction. plurality centered manager skills that I testame nt wearIts importance that I should develop my skill which pass on drive me towards the job satisfaction beca consumption if I do not have the passion for the job however I am performing well, its testament give ostracize advert on my staff and there pull up stakes be great stir on their performance. I allow for show to understand the reason, which is not driving my passion regarding the job satisfaction. sample of unusedfound behaviour you testament bring out habituated this spic-and-span skillI will evaluate the determine and reason for not getting satisfaction towards the job. I will try to bugger off out the job involvement that extent to which my individual is personally involved with elabo graze role. Try to focus more on job object quite a than unendingly thinking somewhat not having satisfaction about the job. Trying to start out the way of motivation exchange fit hygiene factor if responsible for my job satisfaction preference you lead to imple ment actionCreating challenging job, focus more on goal and how to achieve more target and how to improve the business culture to feel more pleasant environment in which I am marching. Reviewing the team grant hind end toward my attitude to them. I am certain that if I am not satisfied with the job my reaction towards employee will be not devout. devise of defecateing area and environment. Try to enhance the job satisfaction by observing the requirement and doledge. accomplishments specific advance to an nerve according to the schemaBy building a self esteem in our self and other give the bounce have dogmatic impact on performance. constitutional motivation occurs when an individual is turned on to ones work because of the positive(p) interior(a) feelings that are generated by doing well, rather than creation dependent on immaterial factor such as incentive pay or heed from the boss (cited by Knicki Kreitner 2009 page 151).Job enrichment such that an employee has the opportunity to screw achievement, recognition, stimulating work, responsibility and advancement will dish out achieving job satisfaction (Cited by Knicki Kreitner 2009 page 15) process PALN-2self-importance-REFL attain REGARDING FAIR TREATMENTThis is regarding my self-reflection regarding the treatment towards staff. subsequently doing the exercise I feel that I moderate merely not really fair in regards to the staff treatment. My problem is that I do not have fair job satisfaction and when it comes to the staff treatment it reflect on them. Because of lose of my motivation my staff is not being treated, as they should be. My employees toilsome work appreciation when they performed well, their respect for the work and conviction they are adult to the organization to achieve the goal their questions and problems are not forever been devote one overn fairly and I have understood that employees always have a habit for complaining about the things and I was not really trying to sloe problems. My lack of accurate moveback to them were not striked them and affecting the result in the business. After evaluating the exercise I have develop the action plan for my future onward motion.ACTION PLAN -2Action Plan for freehanded Fair Treatment to the employeeAction DescribedI usually do not give good feedback and appreciation to the employees. I was always thinking that if you appreciate your workers than they will slowly led towards the less(prenominal) performance. This is was my belief but they do need motivation to perform well that is what I chartert from the different motivational theory. I need to treat my employee rattling fairly and not just the moderately.People centered Manager skills that I will developI will develop my skill to motivate my employee. Employee will know this and we will try to improve the productivity and creativity. I will distinguish between fairness and equal treatment. I will give accurate feedback to the employee an d rewards to performance.Example of New Behavior you will queer given this virgin skillI will usher in the system like a performance chart for the individual employee to see improvement in their performance. Appreciation of their hard work and solving their problems and taking feedback regarding their performance. If both training or mentoring is needed I will make sure to bequeath them. Their suggestions are call up seriously and try to find out the beat out way suitable for them as well as for organization.Resource you need to implement actionLearn the theory of motivation and their expectancy. Considering the matter-of-fact experience and put in to the theory. Considering and reading the vrooms expectancy theory. Reward hoi polloi for desire performance. Design challenging jobs. Monitor employee motivation through interviews or anonymous questionnaires. Make sure employee skunk achieve target performance levels.Actions specific upbeats to an organization according to t heoryManagers need valid and accurate performance ratings with which to compare employees. In accurate ratings create perceptions of inequity and thereby erode motivation.(Kinicki Kreitner 2009)Manager should use the performance ratings to differentially allocate rewards among employees. That is fine that managers allocate significantly different amount of rewards for various levels of performance. (Kinicki Kreitner 2009 )A positive self-enhancing culture is more likely to engender higher motivation and cargo that a culture dominated by suspicion, faultfinding and blame.ACTION PLAN-3SELF REFELECTION REGARDING GIVNG FEED BACKI am not good in natural endowment feed back. Some succession I want to give feedback to my employee but I struggle to give feed back to them. I feel that If I give them negative feed back for some(prenominal) of their work done they may feel offended and feel embarrassing and due(p) to that reason I am usually annul to give feed back. But I realized that feedback is very significant for the manager to give to their employee and feed back can help in performance of the organization. Its also good idea to get soul to check on work before its too late to make changes. Also by not bountiful feedback it can create confusion when something happens after long sentence and we will than thing that it could have better if I could have given a feed back on this particular issue actually when it happed. Therefore much time I feel the failure in particular issues are because of not giving feed back on time. My lack of feedback habit created problems in both ways with employee for not giving them feedback for their work they were not motivated and to the boss for not giving feed back thinking about the reflection of the feedback. I learnt that feedback is very needed and important in the organization as well as a manager and I am putting the action in the hobby plan.ACTION PLAN-3ACTION PLAN FOR GIVING FEED BACKAction DescribedI am very poo r in giving feedback to my employee as well as to the boss. I am not giving feed back because I always think that what will be impact on my employee if I give them negative feedback for their work. They may take it personally and I do not wanted to create all disturb environment in the organization.But I really need to give feed back to them. My positive feedback will motivate them for their job and my negative feedback may improve their jobPeople centered trough skills that I will adoptEmployees make up after doing a good job they feel lot more confident of it after someone else tell them so. I will give them regular feed back for the work they have done it can be positive or negative and try to find out how they give importance to negative feedback to make improvement in their performance and how should I reward them by giving a positive feedback. I will identify attitudes and demeanour that must change and define what attitudes and style will be satisfactory in future. I will evaluate responses to make sure they are consistent with comp each policy and with the treatment of other employees.Example of new behavior you will display given this new skillFeedback is accusatory information about individual or collective performance overlap with those in a position to improve the situation. Subjective assessments such as you are not doing this and that do not qualify as impersonal feedback. Feedback should be given as an exchange of information about the lieu and quality of work product. It will provide a road constitute to success.I will try to give feedback that ensures that the manager and employees are in sync and agree on the standards and expectations of the work to be performed.I will enhance feedback by pairing specific challenging goals with specific feedback about result.Resource you need to implement actionCommitment of management by making employee reward and recognition. Advise to deliver frequent feedback to motivate workers. Newer approache s like upward feedback and 360 degree feedback. Review the work progress and culture regularly to give them feedback. Introduce performance appraisal system.Action specific benefit to an organization according to theoryTop management support and organizational climate openness can help 360-degree feedback programs success. (Kinicki Kreitner 2009).Focus feedback on things employee can control improvement not just result and performance rather than personality. Cultivate a fair and constructive climate by including positive feedback one or examples instead of dumping on employees and taking time to listen to employees can provide effective feedback.Large scales at the U.S naval Academy, where student leaders and followers live together day and night, get a positive impact of upward feedback on leaden behavior. (Kinicki Kreitner 2009).ACTION PLAN-4SELF REFLECTION REGARDING HANDLING CONFLICTI personally do not like negate in the organization and I am always trying to vacate that and I am not at all good in handing the conflict. I am always broken about the effect on my relation with the employee and therefore I could not handle proper(a)ly when conflict happens. I believe that completely avoid conflict is not a make up thing and it can also not realistic in modern life because it is became a part of human condition to occurs conflict at several levels. For me probably seems the lack of negotiation skill keeping me to avoid conflicts but when it happens it becomes a hard job to handle the conflict and being a manager it is very important to know how to handle the conflict and how to encourage the conflict. Conflict can be useful as well. For example conflict like usable conflict can be positive for the organization and conflict like dys usable can be negative for the organization. I need to learn that how to handle the functional conflict and how to handle the dysfunctional conflict. It is the most important thing for the manager and good leader to know the types and identify the desire outcomes of the conflicts. I have now prepared the action plan how I am going to improve the skill in handling the conflicts.ACTION PLAN-4ACTION PLAN FOR HANDLING CONFLICTAction DescribedI am not good in handling when conflict takes place. I usually avoid happening conflict which every one wants but sometime to avoid conflict I am not giving proper feedback or I am not getting proper feedback and in fact I am blocking any inputs approach path to the organization for the improvements.I must face the conflict as a good leader and manager and find out the best executable result for the organization.People centered manager skills that I will developI want to make sure that I should not be the one who is the problem of the progress. If I were avoiding the conflict means no one would happy to give me any feedback and I would not give any feedback.Conflicts are not always bad for the organization. I should be able to make out which type of conflict has taken place and what will be the out come of the conflict. Is this conflict is benefit to the organization or is it damaging the organization. I must pay attention when someone or showed little hobby in their opinionExample of new behavior you will display given this new skillI will investigate and document the conflict and take if appropriate, take corrective action like taking feedback, or behavior modification. I will avoid dragging coworkers in to the conflict unless it is extremely necessary. I will find out which type of conflict has taken place if the conflict is functional it can give positive output to the organization. These types of conflict support the goal of the organization and improve the performance. If it is dysfunctional conflict that I have to work for the best interest of my organization. I also have to be good listener and be sensitive to needs of others and co operative to handle the conflictResource you need to implement actionMust know about the methods to handle to conflict like devils advocacy method and the dialectic Method. I must understand the style for handling dysfunctional conflict. I must distinguish the important and concerns of every factor and apply the right theory like problem solving, smoothing, forcing, avoiding or compromising and find the best possible solution in benefit of the organization I am working for.Actions specific benefit to an organization according to the theoryAvoiding conflict doesnt make it go away the same situation is likely to quell and even to escalate. What then, is the alternative? For our present purposes it is sufficient to become consciously aware of our fears and practice over sexual climax them and understanding and acting upon the situation are steps in positive direction (Kinicki Kreitner 2009).ACTION PLAN-5SELF REFLECTION REGARDING CHANGING IN ORGANIZATIONAL PRACTICEI generally do not accept the organizational change. The system once introduced in the organization when joining become s so habituated that it makes me very un thriving when organizational changes happen. I always worried about whether I will be able to change the new behavior or whether I will be able to learn the new system, which is going to introduce. I do not even try to find out that new system coming in to the organization whether it is providing any benefit or not. I simply feel not comfortable when ever changes come. To change work habit is difficult task for me and even rewarding does not work here for me. Once its introduced and when we get use to the new system than its a different story but initially I always feel uncomfortable with ever-changing organization culture. In my company when the waterless product was introduced and the system of washing cars have been changed I was always feeling uncomfortable by the new product introduce and giving excuses that the old system was very good. I will put following action plan to improve my concept for organizational changes.ACTION PLAN-5ACTION PLAN FOR CHANGING BEHAVIOR FOR ORGANIZATIONAL PRACTICEAction DescribeI am very low motivated person when it comes to changing organizational behavior, I do not feel comfortable when ever changes introduce and always feel fatigue about changing the organizational behavior and training all employee once again and neer sure about the out come of it. I also do not bother to work out whether this change is positive for the organization or not.I need to change the way I consider my job. I should be always ready to accept new changes coming in to the origination. If I do not show enthusiasm for accept the changes, I will not be able to motivate my staff and it will give very adverse effect on the organization.People centered manager skills that I will developI will try to provide as much information as possible to my employee about the changes. Inform employees about he reason and rationale for the changes. I will also conduct the meeting to address employees questions regarding the chan ge and provide employees the opportunity to discuss how the proposed change might affect them. I will develop good communication skill with employees through the process of change.Example of new behavior you will display given this new skillI will listen consider the benefit for changing or introducing any new behavior in the organization. I will always consider that organization must be ready for change. I will make sure that I am not making any implementation errors while changing the organizational behavior. There will be bump along the way but I will stay focus on the big picture. My awareness of the forces of change can help me determine when I should consider implementing organizational changes.Resource you need to implement actionFocus on the organizations mission and vision also the making strategic goals and target elements of change in the organization. get word the methods of process with work flow and make the arrangement with organization with their policies and struct ure including rewards and training for the employees. Understand the Lewins change model and create the strategic plans, target elements of change and out put. Create the plan to achieving the vision. Anchor new approaches in the culture.Actions specific benefit to an organization according to theoryOrganizational change, whether large or menial is undertaken to improve some process, procedure, product, service or out come of interest to management. Because changes involve learning and doing things differently. Changes entails providing employee with new information, new behavior model new processes or procedure new equipment new technology or new ways of getting the job done. (Kinicki Kreitner 2009).Increase global competition starling breakthroughs in information technology, changes to change the way they do business. Employee want satisfactory work environments, customers are demanding grater value, and investors want more integrity in financial disclosures. The rate of organiz ational and societal change is clearly accelerating. (Kinicki Kreitner 2009)

Love In Carol Ann Duffys Valentine English Literature Essay

Love In Carol Ann Duffys Valentine face Literature Es vocaliseValentine and praise 18 both explore the report card of sleep to run lowher. Scottish born poet, Carol Ann Duffy, wrote Valentine in 1993 and William Shakespe ar, a well- cognize position poet of the prison term, wrote Sonnet 18 in 1609. Both poems investigate different faces of experience however, there ar some similarities in the underlying messages and the poets view of distinguish as well as differences. As in some(prenominal) of Duffys opposite poems, Valentine reflects on time, change and loss. She discovers moments of consolation by retire, memory and language. The poem is compose using rattling unprejudiced words tho in a complicated way. On the other hand, Sonnet 18 is written in a very different language to what we know today save its underlying message is til now relevant for todays world. The reason Sonnet 18 is still so popular today is because of Shakespeargons ability to capture the cent er of delight in so cleanly through his Sonnet. Both of the poems, therefore, are universal. They advise be said to apply to both the male and female sexes however, it is known that Duffy is a homosexual and Shakespeare possibly wrote the poem for a man.In Sonnet 18 Shakespeare views screw as consummate(a). The opening line poses a simple question Shall I compare thee to a spends day. Shakespeare goes on to say that summer faeces be ruined By chance, or natures changing bleed untrimmed but thy eternal summer shall never fade. so long as men toilette breathe, or eye can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. Shakespeare reveals that hump, eternal summer, is more(prenominal) permanent therefore the season and, shall never fade, different summer (beauty) itself, because summer is spoiled by the occasional winds and the eventual change of season natures changing course untrimmed. so summer must always come to an end but so long as men can breathe or eyes can see do it entrust never fade and it leave al unmatched continue to revitalise your life, give life to thee. Shakespeare furnishs that true love is eternal even when the beauty of that person has gone, the love shared between the cardinal passel still remains the same.Similarly, in Valentine, Duffy suggests that true love is perpetual, through the use of an onion plant as a symbol of love. She uses an onion to present her lover that her love is more original, honest and true. She says, Its angered kiss pull up stakes stay on your lips, The fierce kiss could be a fable for love. This love is possessive and faithful and entrust continue to be so for as long as we are. Duffy shows that when you give way kissed somebody with a fierce kiss, when you are in love, you will never for trace the person, as it will stay on your lips. This could be construed to show how when two people are in love, the love they share will never be forgotten. She says that love is possessive and faith ful, care Shakespeare, she demonstrates how when you are in true love you are faithful to each other but also you are possessive, this could be a positive aspect as it could show that you always postulate to be around the other person but it could also show, unlike Shakespeare, that love is can be a burden. She continues to show the negative of love by aspect Lethal, Its scent will cling to you like a knife, this shows she thinks that love is lethal as you cant get way from the love you had or have for that person. Valentine also differs from Sonnet 18 as it goes on to say that love will be possessive and faithfulfor as long as we are Duffy is being realistic as she makes a recognition that this relationship may not last forever, Shakespeare fails to mention this however, this could be because it was written in a different era and many people did not break up at that time. But even though she is writing in quite a harsh and negative odor displaying aspects of love we would not e xpect in a love, however, the poem still comes across romantic and truthful.One of the main themes in Valentine is the rejection of traditional symbols of love, such as red roses or satin hearts in favour of an onion. She is criticising ceremonious ideas and empty gestures of love. Duffy uses single isolated lines to highlight why she rejects the conventional Valentines not a red rose or a satin heartNot a tricky card or a kissogram. She believes that these have ceased to be original as they have been sent millions of times and have lost their meaning. Duffy and then goes on to say why an onion would be a better example of love. It is a moon wrapped in brown paper. The moon is vatic to govern womens passions. The light which it promises may be both its literal brightness, that love can b edge light to your life or a metaphoric understanding of love as if you were being enlightened. The removing of the papery outer layers suggests the personal aspect of love, like the undressin g of those who prepare to make love. Duffy shows her brilliance as a poet by structuring the whole poem around this elaborate and imaginative increase metaphor.Shakespeare is also being very cynical to the highest degree love. He demonstrates that love is not close to beauty. He first says, thou art more lovely and temperate (than a summers day), which illustrates that the person is more beautiful than a summers day. However, summers days are not always so perfect they are shaken by rough winds and the sun often shines too hot, or too dim. Summer comes and goes, hath all too short a date, and it leads to the atrophy of autumn, as every fair from fair sometime declines. But then Shakespeare goes onto say if you are rattling in love thy eternal summer shall not fade, which shows that even though the persons beauty has gone because of the passing of time as the person gets older, the persons lover can see past that as he is blinded by the love he has for that person. Like Duffy, Sh akespeare sees that many people dont look past the conventional ideas of love they dont think slightly what love really is and what it entails. Similarly he shows us that love can bring life to thee so love can give you a new purpose to your life and thus will not die.In Valentine, Duffy gives us some negative views of love and marriage. She continues to use the onion to demo her message. The onion is like a lover because it makes one cry It will blind you with tears. This shows how being in love can make you very emotional, this could be seen as a negative aspect as she possibly referring to emotional strain of being in a relationship but also it could be a positive, as the tears could be of joy. However, like Shakespeare, blind may also suggest the traditional idea of love blinding you so this could also be a positive aspect of love. The onion reflects a distorted image of anyone who looks at it, as if this animadversion were a wobbling video. This suggests that when you brea k up with someone you love, you cry and grieve, so your reflection in a mirror becomes a wobbling photo of grief. Once again, Duffy has been truthful and has highlighted the things love can do to a person. Personally, I find this refreshing in a love poem. She goes on to reprimand about marriage, Its platinum loops shrink into a wedding ring, as the onion is a series of concentric rings, each smaller than the other until one finds a ring the size of a wedding ring. She uses platinum, to highlight that the ring is of marriage as many wedding rings are platinum. However, she subtly adds in if you like this shows that she thinks that you do not need marriage to show your love, this reveals Duffys view to marriage as futile as the tone suggests that she is saying if you like like if it would keep you happy, showing she would be willing to get married if the other person wanted to. Some might say that this is a proposal, as if she wants to get married, however if it was there would be n o need to put the line after if you like. There is also a hint of a threat in the suggestion that the onion is lethal, as its scent will cling to your knife. Duffy shows how the knife, which cuts the onion, is marked with its scent, as if ready to punish any betrayal. *****However, in Sonnet 18, Shakepeare does not give any negatives about love or marriage. He does warns us about falling for someone based on their looks, which could be a negative, but nothing about breaking up or what love can do to someone. In fact, he does the opposite. He says to time thou growest which shows that as time goes on his love to the other person grows. He says that love gives life to thee. unlike his previous sonnets where Shakespeare has been trying to convince his lover to settle down and have children, in Sonnet 18 Shakespeare this domesticity for the first time and accepts loves all-consuming passion. This theme continues in the rest of his Sonnets. On the other hand, Duffy is against marriage as it seems she thinks it is useless if you really love the other person, there should be no need to get marries. Once again the erave someffect on the views to marriage and love. As in the Elizabethan time marriage was sene in whioch these were written could h

Impact of Communication Technology on Politics and Economics

Impact of communicating Technology on government activity and scotchalsImpact of Communication Technologies on Political and Economic ontogenesisJoe Owczarski launchingModern-day society is witnessing the continuous creation of sophisticated mediums concerning conferences engineering that are non still convenient to handling but chintzy as well. Such digital chat faunas include mobile phones, smart phones, and the meshing. It is not a secret that they grant been successful in obstetrical delivery a drastic revolution in the methods of nurture-sharing and discourse. It is not surprising that these innovative technologies rich person come toed every aspect of pluralitys lives, be it policy-making, religious, educational, professional, neighborly, or economical.Innovations in discipline and communication technologies (ICTs) harbour not only increased the handiness of innum successionble products and operate but defend alike reduced their prices. As a result, the chinchyness of and devilibility to ICTs arrive caused a great reduction in the costs associated both with doing business and with organizing social and political movements (Hart, 2010). The cut-rate accessibility of ICTs has alike declined the costs of communication and transportation.From an economic point of view, on that point boast been declines in the costs related to coordination and transaction. These declining patterns rent consequently make the planetary trade and capital investment to reach extremely high aims. In addition, the cost reductions have also lessened the significance of geographical distances in international business. As distance has lost its importance in nows digitalized world, there has been an increase in both political and economic activities overdue to the trending globoseization (Hart, 2010).Impact of tinny Communication Technologies on Politics and Political DevelopmentAs far as politics is concerned, the inexpensive communication technologies have made a tremendous impact on both domestic and worldwide political phenomenon. In finicky, the Internet and social media has founderd greatly in the developing of political context and understanding. The blogs as well as the discussions and arguments that are conducted on the Web have provided pot a platform to openly voice their views and beliefs regarding political aspects. Although a lot of populate argue that social media and related communication technologies have nothing to contribute to politics many oppose this point of view. Cheap communication technologies have played a major role in the contemporary era for making political processes more than free, autonomous, and independent (Unwin, 2012).It would not be erroneous to state that the ICTs have offered exceptional liberties to the common man who is now adequate to(p) to dramatic eachy impact the political phenomenon through cell phones, the Internet, and the social media sites. Communication techn ologies have emerged as a powerful tool for the politicians and governments as well. The political leaders and governmental authorities are capable of spreading their messages, agendas, and policies to the global public, directly and moth-eatenly. For instance, mobile text messaging is now used by both political parties and governments to encourage public to vote for them in elections (Unwin, 2012).Likewise, the Internet and the social media is also playing a central role in making people aware approximately the current incidents that take transmit worldwide. Detailed stories and images enable people to receive the latest information near political movements and happenings around the world. In this manner, cheap communication technologies have deepen global sensation. The example of Syria is an important one. This is because social media sites and other communication mediums have made people aware of the continuing conflicts in Syrian regime (Unwin 2012).It is true that the g lobalization phenomenon has interconnected the states and people. This interconnectedness has also influenced the opinions of people who use communication technologies to share their opinions with others. On a global level, globalization has also undermined the concept of a sovereign state. States are now interdependent due to global policies that have made it im realizable for them to shield themselves from external influences.As people are beginning to use cheap communication technologies more progressively, there have been improvements in the overall communication between people belonging to diverse political regimes. These enhancements in ICTs have made it possible for people to share information and knowledge rapidly and easily. Moreover, the cheap communication technologies have also enhanced the fusion of different cultures. In addition, the acquired awareness has made people question the governmental authorities. As a offspring of fact, revolutionary innovations in ICTs hav e undermined the autonomous and monarch status of particular political systems, such as the one in Middle tocopherol (Unwin, 2012).It can be concluded that the contemporary ICTs have offered remarkable opportunities to people to modify the rules of the long-established political game. On the other hand, even though cheap ICTs have tremendously channelised the international political map, this revolution has not especially affected the marginalized and poor people. Without a doubt the use of cheap communication technologies has impacted the political development and processes. Nevertheless, it completely depends on the individuals observation whether he considers it a good or bad change (Healey, 2011).Impact of Cheap Communication Technologies on Economy and Economic DevelopmentAs mentioned, communication technology in the current era has stupefy extraordinarily cheap, user-friendly, and accessible. Although ICTs are taken for granted by people, communication devices and services have been triumphant in transforming economies as well as the lives of millions of people throughout the world. It is material to mention that cheap communication technologies are creation used by people in the developing countries in great ways as compared to people belonging to the developed world.The penetration of information and communication technologies has a considerable impact on the economic development. ICTs have opened up bleak avenues for supporting economy in the new-made times. Cheap communication technologies are acknowledged to have a significant impact on economic growth as they are poignant education, health sectors, agricultural output, income, poverty, and living standards.Communication technologies have tremendously facilitated the skill and taking in of knowledge. They have offered extraordinary opportunities to developing countries for the enhancement of their educational systems, improvement of policy making and implementation, and widening of the ass ortment of opportunities for both self-feeder and the poor. It is important to highlight that ICTs have contributed in reducing the sense of closing off tolerated by poorest members of the society. It is not a secret that when poor are provided enough opportunities, they also contribute in the economic development of the country by playing their productive part. Thus, cheap communication technologies have opened access to knowledge, education, and employment in ways that could not be imagined in the late(prenominal) times (Reddi, 2011).The issues prevalent in society now mostly roll out around poverty. The economic development of a region principally depends on the standard and acquisition of education. This is because an educated society can efficiently and efficaciously work for the progression and development of its country. This realization has made almost every country to expand its demand for education at every level for the political, social, and economic development. H owever, many countries give limited budgets to their education sectors after liner the contrasting demand for fall apart investment in resources that are demand for human survival ( intellectual nourishment, shelter, etc.). However, the utilization and employment of communication technologies have offered substitute(a) solutions to provide access and impartiality to students and teachers. ICTs have also suppressed the pauperisation for building schools and colleges. Instead, they have provided the concept of e-learning for convenient teaching and learning (Reddi, 2011).Cheap information and communication technologies have provided agriculturalists and farmers with opportunities to increase their yield and productivity, thus star to economic progression. Mobile technology is considered to be an outstandingly critical tool for the improvement and enhancement of the competence of the agriculture and food sectors. Not only this, it is also regarded as a potential catalyst to help in raising the incomes of innumerable poor farmers found all over the world. This augment efficiency is exceedingly important as it could lead to food losings in smaller quantity. A decrease in food losses means the growing demand for sufficient and inexpensive supplies of healthy food could be met eventually. When people are provided with self-sufficient resources, economy develops and grows automatically (Kirk, Steele, Delb Crow, 2011).The cheap communication technologies, especially mobile services, have enabled businesses, companies and organizations to directly contact and move with different members in the value chain. This interrelation has also helped in profile of issues, competence and excellence. The best potential benefits for the smallholder farmers can be spawned by enable them to take advantage of mobile financial payments and mobile information provision. In India, for instance, the smallholder farmers of remote areas have benefitted from this service greatly as the mentioned services have each brought approximately 40% of the total anticipated raise in agricultural revenues (Kirk, Steele, Delb Crow, 2011). As a result, the countrys economy has freehanded significantly. In short, ICTs have enabled poor families to diminish their everyday expenditures related to personal labor, time, and energy. As a result, communication technologies have caused an exceptional positive impact on the incomes and livelihoods of many rural families.Communication technologies have also facilitated the reduction of information gaps and restrictions inherent in marketplaces where consumers and producers have little means of canvass commodity prices between distant markets (Zambrano Seward, 2010). ICTs are presently working as a catalytic tool in the improvement and expansion of development programming. In addition, the advancement in mobile technologies and their accessibility to rural areas have also contributed towards sustainable development. Thus, the te chnological change has introduced ways that have made the economic growth sustainable. The communication technologies are, in fact, sustainable technologies that are service of process people and governments meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of proximo generations to meet their own needs (Beder, 2006).Communication technologies have offered equal economic and employment opportunities to people who reside in cosmopolitan and rural areas. ICTs have not only increased productivity but have also made the market work extremely efficient. However, it is important to highlight that the tip of the economic growth outcomes can be different. ICT is a platform that has reached and go forth reach populations that have low literacy and income levels.Consequently, ICT is emerging as the leading dispersal platform that provides public and private services to innumerable people. As there was no or negligible connectivity mediums in rural areas, the underdeveloped a reas did not receive the deserved services and facilities. However, the emergence of ICTs has made it possible for unfortunate people to access financial services, market information, health services, and education services. In contrast, it is evident in the present times that the wireless platform has promoted new and innovative social and economic opportunities for the poor populace at all levels.ConclusionIn closing, cheap communication technologies have brought significant changes in the traditional ways of socialization, business tasks execution, education attainment, and delivery of services. High-speed Internet, in particular, has changed the ways of doing businesses, transformation of public service delivery, and democratization of innovation. There is no doubt in the fact that the businesses that are using cheap communication technologies have demonstrated more production, faster growth, increased investment, and high profits. Similarly, governments and political parties t hat have employed cheap communication technologies are also receiving better outcomes in the development of democratic political structure.In short, cheap information and communication technologies have revealed a transformative power on a global level. It is important for the governments to realize the importance of ICT potentials and educate the populations about them in battle array to reduce poverty, increase economic development, and develop a fine political sense. Therefore, steps must be taken to educate people about the significance of employing ICTs in positive ways for the development and progression of todays global village.BibliographyBeder, S. (2006).Environmental Principles and Policies An Interdisciplinary Introduction. Hoboken Taylor and Francis.Hart, J. (2010). Information Technologies and the Global Political Economy. InThe supranational Studies Encyclopedia. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K. Wiley-Blackwell.Healey, J. (2011). complaisant Impacts of Digital Media. Th irroul, N.S.W. Spinney Press.Reddi, U. R. V. (2011).Primer 1 An Introduction to ICT for Development. Asian and Pacific study Centre for Information and Communication Technology for Development (APCICT).Unwin, T. (2012, September 1). Social Media and Democracy Critical Reflections. Retrieved November 28, 2014, from http//www.cpahq.org/cpahq/cpadocs/Unwin CPA Social media and democracy.pdfKirk, M., Steele, J. Delb, C. Crow, L. (2011). Connected culture The single-valued function of Mobile in Driving Efficiency and Sustainability in the Food and Agriculture Value Chain.Vodafone. Retrieved November 29, 2014, from http//www.vodafone.com/content/dam/vodafone/about/sustainability/2011/pdf/connected_agriculture.pdfZambrano, R., Seward, R. (2010). Mobile Technologies and Empowerment Enhancing valet de chambre Development Through Participation and Innovation. Retrieved November 29, 2014, from http//unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un-dpadm/unpan048480.pdf