Movie Response: Zora Neale Hurston Essay

The movie entitled ‘Zora Neale Hurston’ refers to the life of a female African American writer who struggled towards finding her worth in American society during the time that segregation and racism continues to be practiced in U. S. culture. Specifically, this movie presents her biography from how she struggled to belong as a woman and how she sought to achieve her passion of writing and anthropology. In particular, the film showcased her life as a student, an anthropologists and a writer for several different newspapers. It is through this that viewers are presented by a character that continues to grow and develop through the years until her death in 1960. Analyzing the film, it can be seen that it presents readers on how Zora Neale Hurston evolved and adapted to American society. Her period was particularly critical because racism and bias against women continue to be practiced within American society during her time. It was also during this period that the issue of race became an important consideration especially among minority groups. Regardless of these realities, Zora Hurston continued to fight over these common boundaries and seek to fulfill her dream of becoming educated and understanding African American culture further. Similarly, the movie also has shown how Zora Neale Hurston sought to provide her readers about African American culture. As much as possible, her literary compositions stayed away from political issues and the clash between the Whites and Negroes. Rather, she sought to provide a better understanding of the rich culture and practices that African American has. This viewpoint remains crucial for she believed that this can serve as a bridge in making Whites understand the complexity of the African American culture. In the end, the film does not only cultivate the value of Zora Neal Hurston’s contribution to African American literature. Rather, she also provides empowerment among women and sought to create opportunities for change in a different perspective. Here, she provides a purpose of co-existence and influencing patterns of increased interaction. It is through this that she sought to identify herself in history and provide her legacy in the field of literature and anthropology.

Do video games contribute to teen violence? Essay

Two teens in black leather coats waited with their vehicles near the west entrance of Columbine High School. The teens, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold , headed toward the school. Armed with four guns, several knives and dozens of home-made explosives, they launched their assault, injuring several students and killing two before entering the building. The school shooting that took place on April 20, 1999, was evidently a very devastating and emotional day, but what many fail to comprehend is what led these two students to such drastic measures. After various studies, and concrete evidence, a rational explanation may be that these two killers were fanatical players of violent video games. Unfortunately, the destructive impact violent media has on today’s youth doesn’t end there. Violent video games have been known to cause aggression in players, increased reports of bullying, violence and ruins the virtuous morals instilled in today’s generation. Studies support that there is a strong link between violent video games and aggressive conduct. Many children that take part in playing violent games often report feelings of aggression and violence. According to the Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, â€Å"It is intuitive that young kids who play violent video games, compared to young kids who do not play violent video games, will be more aggressive in certain real-life situations. † In other words, children who play violent video games tend to see the world from a hostile perspective, triggering them to be verbally as well as physically aggressive. This is obvious considering the fact that violent video games portray violent behaviors and suggestive material. Procon states, â€Å"A 2009 study found that it takes up to four minutes for the level of aggressive thoughts and feelings in children to return to normal after playing violent video games†. These four minutes of aggression is enough to compose violent thoughts in children. Exposing our adolescents or even our general population to these sorts of behaviors can lead to serious and possibly fatal consequences, for instance bullying and school shootings. Violent media can be very influential and unhealthy exposure may result in disastrous consequences, such as bullying. Though it may seem extreme, studies reveal that after just 10 minutes of violent video games the mind becomes desensitized to the fact that you’re killing someone, and according to psychologist Michele Borba, it can also result in less empathy towards others . Adolescents that play violent video games tend to associate pleasure with the ability to cause pain in others(â€Å"Do Violent Video Games Contribute to Youth Violence†). Players can sometimes confuse fantasy with reality and at the very least, their brain finds happiness in the suffering of others, which could possibly lead to bullying. The 2008 study Grand Theft Childhood reported that 60% of middle school boys who played at least one Mature-rated game hit or beat up someone, compared to 39% of boys that did not play Mature-rated games (â€Å"Do Violent Video Games Contribute to Youth Violence†). Young people that bully others often times are also involved in playing violent video games, and the violence portrayed on screen, lead players to violence in real life. Not only do violent games contribute to bullying, scientists also suspect that violent games may play a role in school shootings and other massacres. One of the most extreme, and disturbing effects of violent media is evident in school shootings such as the Newton Elementary Shooting, killing 26 first graders and the Columbine Massacre, killing 13 students. The Hartford Courant has reported that, â€Å"Adam Lanza, Newton Elementary school shooter, spent hours playing graphically violent video games in his basement before the shooting that killed 26 children and faculty at the school and Lanza’s mother at her home. † Obviously, Lanza was influenced by the violence in the video games which then caused him to commit these horrific murders of young, innocent children. According to the Carey Benedict, a journalist for The New York Times, families of the victims of the Columbine shooting sued Sony, SEGA and Capcom for the violent video games the gunmen, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, played. Klebold and Harris were avid players of violent games, The New York Times states, â€Å"They [Klebold and Harris] relied on(†¦) games to express their rage and(†¦) cutting them off in 1998 sent them into crisis. † When the teens lost their priviledges, they went on a violent rampage to express their rage and committed a mass murder, The gruesome images portrayed in games can possibly lead to extreme mental issues and destroy the morals we strive to instill in our youth. Our adolescents today will create an impact on tomorrow but our hopes of a bright future may be marred due to the violent nature of video games. Video games cause a decrease in sensitivity and compassion in adolescents, making them less caring and unsympathetic. The American Psychological Association states, â€Å"playing violent games is also related to children being less willing to be caring and helpful towards their peers. † Video games decrease compassion in kids, and could possibly lead to an insensitive, hostile generation. In addition to reducing sympathetic emotions, video games also allow children to witness foul language, teaching them vulgar words which could influence them to use them in real life (â€Å"The Positive and Negative Effects of Video Games†). Another effect, violent media has on today’s generation are gender inequality. In a majority of video games, women are often portrayed as weaker characters that are helpless or sexually provocative. Procon has stated that, â€Å"A 1998 study found that 21% of games sampled involved violence against women. † Victoria Beck, a professor at University of Wisconsin , states that, Video games showing sexual objectification of women and violence against women resulted in statistically significant increased rape rape-supportive attitudes for male study participants. † This proves that exposure to sexual violence in video games is associated to increases in violence directed at women and fake attitudes about rape such as, women incite men to rape or that women secretly desire rape. This sort of an outlook on women could greatly harm our adolescents and laws of today’s and tomorrow’s society, possibly causing rape and therefore, leading to all sorts of violence. Insensitivity and rape, these are only a few of the critical effects of violent media, but what exactly is the cause of these disasters? It is apparent that playing violent video games has many destructive effects, but the serious psychological effects are often overlooked. Douglas A. Gentile, a psychologist in Handbook of Children, Culture and Violence, states, â€Å"In a series of studies with children adolescents found that video game violence exposure was related to a wide array of aggression. † Video games seemingly cause aggression in people, and extended exposure could put our future in jeopardy. People who played video games obsessively could also become socially withdrawn, like the shooters in the Columbine Massacre. Constant exposure to digital violence could fuel their minds and give them the idea that it’s okay to commit acts of violence. The opposition may claim that, not everyone is affected by the violence presented in some video games, but violent media affects everyone, at least, to some extent. For example, playing video games could be compared to smoking cigarettes. A single cigarette won’t cause lung cancer, but smoking over weeks or months or years greatly increases the risk. In the same way, repeated exposure to violent video games may have a cumulative effect on aggression. Though, only one third of smokers get cancer that does not necessarily mean that smoking is acceptable for the other two thirds of smokers. Similarly, video games may only have an extreme effect on those with mental health issues, but this does not mean that the repeated acts of violence portrayed in these games is suitable for others to observe, in fact, the repeated exposure could have a damaging effect over time.

Today’s Mythology

Mythology from the word itself means the study of myths. For the Greeks it was their attempt to explain the unexplainable, i.e. why the Sun rise and Sets or why man was created, for other peoples it was pretty much the same myths explained the gaps in their limited scientific knowledge. Today, we know a lot more about the working of the world and rely less on myths and more on science. However, the Gods, Heroes and Monsters of old are still relevant because the help us explain how human nature works.The website www.wgsn.com. is like Greek gods because they set the trends that designers will follow. This is after the fashion of the gods because the gods exemplified what was â€Å"good† behavior for Greeks, or at least what was acceptable in Zeus’ case. For example Ares, god of war, exemplified how warriors should be like, cruel and pitiless to foes valiant in battle. Like him   www.wgsn.com leads the way and show us what fashion for the next season will be like. There are a few brave souls who go against the trends displayed there   but there are few and rarely successful. After all, he who goes against the grain risks being ostracized by his peers.Turkish culture is also another god for me. Its rich culture inherited the cultural wealth of two great Empires. Both the Byzantines and the Ottoman Turks once called Turkey its heartland, at the height of their powers they were the center of the cultural world. I am honored to have inherited such a rich past and work to bring out my unique cultural individuality in my art.Monsters representations of excess that should be avoided. In fact, monsters in mythology are monsters precisely because they have either an excess or lack some human faculty. For example, the Minotaur is a monster because it was shaped like a man but was half bull. The Cyclops was a monster not only because it only had one eye but also because it lack human decency and compassion. Untidiness and moodiness are my monsters because t hey suppress my creative juices. If I am untidy I will not be able to properly design my creations and I might even end up ruining an otherwise brilliant design. When I become moody all creativity leaps out the window like a thief in the night. When I am moody I am not able to think objectively and I risk not finishing the work I set out to do. Like the monsters of old they can prevent me from becoming the best that I can be and I should always maintain constant vigilance against them.Heroes are a source of inspiration and pride for their people. Aeneas was mere prince of Troy in Homer’s Iliad. Virgil transformed him into the founder of Rome. His destiny was to found a new home for his exiled people. He suffered many setbacks and temptations. In spite of all the challenges Aeneas triumphed and made a new home for his people in Italy. Like Aeneas we face many challenges and trials in daily life. But if we persevere we may someday fulfill our own destiny.The same is true for my heroes Christobal Balenciaga and Coco Chanel. Both exemplify the highest levels of excellence that can be achieved in fashion. The Balenciaga and Chanel empires stand to this day as monuments to their skills in their art. Like any fashion designer I aspire to be as great as them someday. After all, which designer does not fancy that someday his or her name will live on immortalized in yearly fashion shows in Milan or Paris? Brightman, Robert A. (1988). â€Å"The Windigo in the Material World†. Ethnohistory 35Homer, Iliad II, 819-21; V, 217-575; XIII, 455-544; XX, 75-352;The Aeneid at http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/228

Learning Disabilities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Learning Disabilities - Essay Example The study consisted of a sample from seven schools of 1,361 consenting elementary students (678 girls, 683 boys; 55 with LD) of which data was collected two months into each semester beginning in the spring of 3rd grade and ending in the fall of 6th grade. All 55 (34 boys, 21 girls) of the children diagnosed with learning disabilities were in inclusive classrooms. The study included a meta-analysis of intra-group functioning, the features of the peer group in relation to its member size and its standing within the classroom, and 3 other components: being popular, peer nominations for best friend, and social preference. The results from the multiple measures of social functioning yielded that although LD students were members of a peer group with similar features as typical students, and at a similar rate, these students had lower statuses in regards to the classroom as a whole. These same distinctions remained consistent throughout the study period despite the fact that all classrooms were inclusive. Limitations of this study include the sample size of LD students and the certain context-elementary school-as these distinctions may fade in other areas or ages.

OSHA Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

OSHA - Assignment Example An article by Bender Thomas, which talks about on workers deaths in confined spaces, was identified, an investigation that was carried as part of Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation program. According to the author of an investigation where a worker died after entering a toluene storage tank and then on a rescue attempt a fireman also ended up being killed when the tank exploded (Bender 37). According to the author owner of a petroleum bulk storage tank, found out that his toluene storage tank was contaminated, and therefore he wanted to clean it and therefore it will have to be drained and cleaned. However, he found out that the tank’s only access was located at the top and since the tank was cylindrical it was not easy to clean it. Therefore, the owner decided to install the portal at the bottom. In connection to this, he consulted a contractor who gave him the cost estimates of installing the access portal at the bottom of the tank. The contractor after carrying out his assessment told the owner of the tank that it has to be drained, and all the sludge removed before he puts the access portal. The owner of the tank, therefore, directed his supervisor to get the tank ready for the contractor. On that fateful day, the supervisor and unskilled worker decided to get the job done. Therefore, the supervisor decided to rent self –contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). However, because the opening was small and since a ladder could not be used the supervisor decided to use a rope. In addition, because the opening was so small it was decided that the worker get in with the SCBA loosely tied on his head. After a while, the supervisor saw the worker standing at the bottom of the tank, and then he directed him to get out, however, and there was no response. He then informed the facility manager who was just standing nearby. After that, a fire rescue team was called. The firemen

English Jurisdiction Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English Jurisdiction - Case Study Example May, furthermore, complained that she had suffered from emotional anguish after the incident. Consequently, May Donoghue filed an action suit against the manufacturer of the ginger beer, David Stevenson, in April of 1929 seeking 500 as payment for the damages inflicted as a result of drinking the ginger beer (1 page 563 Court Records).1 The consequences of the suit - Donoghue v Stevenson - and the events which ensued later still stand as one of the most prominent cases in United Kingdom's legal history and changed the course of consumer law perpetually, as the decision of the House of Lords, UK's supreme appeals court, established a very significant foundation of the delict law not just in Scotland but also all over the world. The House of Lords affirmed that scope of their judgment principles covered English Law as well (page 564 Court Records).2 Donoghue lodged her case in Court of Session in 1929 with the help of Walter Leechman who at that time was already familiar with the previous rulings of the courts with regards manufacturers' liability to consumers in Scotland (Mullen v. A.G. Barr & Co. 1929 S.C. 461). This previous rulings were the main basis of the Scotland's delict law which affirmed that manufacturers have no obligations to or contractual relationship with an individual if she did not pay for the consumer item. Thus May Donoghue could not claim damages or file suit against the manufacturer under the Scottish delict law. The courts ruled twice removing, Stevenson, the manufacturer of the ginger beer, of any legal responsibility citing the courts previous ruling in Mullen v A.G. Barr. Donohue and her lawyer sought appeals from the House of Lords which overturned the decisions of the previous courts and overruled Mullen v. Barr Co., Ld., and M'Gowan v. Barr Co., Ld., 1929 S. C. 461. The House of Lords argued that the manufacturer is liable to the consumer when he places an item for sale for consumption purposes without aptly examining the product. Care should be practiced in ensuring that the article or item sold to the consumer 'is not injurious to health.' Hence the manufacturer is liable to the appellant as he put upon his product, the ginger beer - designed in such a way that consumers would not be able to determine what was inside the bottle. The House of Lords in this ruling has asserted that responsibility rested upon the manufacturer of the ginger beer as, whether the design of the bottle which made it difficult for the consumers to inspect its content, was done intentionally or unintentionally, the rights of the consumers must be protected. The issue, acco rding to the court, was not the contention that the manufacturers committed fraud but the manufacturer's apparent negligence (page 565 Court Records). Lord Bruckmaster argued that the principles the courts gleaned from the appeal is that, the manufacturer, or anyone who confers another service of work as for instance, the repairer, 'owes a duty to any person by whom the article is lawfully used to see that the it has been carefully constructed.' (page 578 Court Records) However, Buckmaster also notes that (page 578 Court Records), that this duty, outside the contractual obligation of the manufacturer, is very broad and covers every item, because this obligation can be extended to every person

Organizational Behavior and HR in Sony Corporation Assignment

Organizational Behavior and HR in Sony Corporation - Assignment Example Kalyanaram and Gurumurthy (2008) offer that businesses that are the first to market in certain industries have a significant competitive advantage over competitors. Theory indicates that when buyers perceive a satisfactory product or achievement of effective customer service, risk averse customers often develop attachments to the pioneering product or brand; therefore they are unwilling to switch to new late movers’ products. Oftentimes, these buyers assess the late entrant against the first mover with adverse assessments in favour of the pioneer (Kalyanaram and Gurumurthy 2008). Sony was not able to launch innovative products (such as the LCD television) before competition, therefore the market had established brands with positive consumer sentiment about the brands that is difficult to undo for a late mover. The presence of competitive product offerings and new innovative products is what served as the first catalyst for change at the firm that required restructuring to meet and adapt to market needs more rapidly. Slocum and Lei (2005) reinforce the dangers of increased globalisation that make change a constant phenomenon, especially for businesses that operate in multiple business divisions and product categories, such as the conglomerate Sony. Industries are defined in theory as â€Å"ecosystems through which businesses compete for customers and are significantly inter-dependent based on changes in local or international markets† (Slocum and Lei 2005, p.35). Globalisation opens new markets for new competitive entrants into a market, breaking down the political barriers or improving supply networks that facilitate more rapid and cost-effective production with competition. Sony was witnessing many new market entrants offering unique products that were gaining attention and recognition from important revenue-building markets, essentially shortening the product life cycle of many of its previously-profitable products such as the PlayStation gaming console and older cathode ray tube television sets. Sony was now facing competition that sustained the resources and talents needed to produce innovative products. This challenge of competitive innovations was built through increased globalisation, thus Sony could no longer sustain the growth of existing Sony products, forcing the business to be more adaptable and flexible in providing similar competitive products. Consumer markets were favouring competitive products which continued to erode market share from Sony, making change driven by competitive product introductions forcing the need for continuous change practices to be developed in order to remain relevant in its technology markets. As market circumstances continue to evolve, contingency theory states that the organisation’s internal structure must adapt in order to remain competitively relevant (Buchanan and Huczynski 2010). It was not until the new CEO Howard Stringer joined Sony that the business became aware that continuous change in the external market was causing a need for rapid internal restructuring in order to adapt properly to market conditions and more prevalent competitive practices in manufacturing and marketing. Sony relied heavily on its electronics division to generate profitability, therefore the business was forced to centralise decision-making so that the electronics division maintained authority over key areas of business. The business could no longer respond quickly enough to meet competitive actions in the market,

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 38

History - Essay Example History assists in getting the truthful representation of various activities that happened in the past. One of the significant characteristics of history is that it contains philosophical writings. The writings tend to give a clear representation of various events and the reason for their occurrence. One of the reasons for studying history is that the subject helps students to understand real events and flawed people who played various roles that contributed in shaping the world. Through history, we are able to know the heroes who contributed in specific positions in the society. History also helps in discovering all the identities related to man. This means that everyone is part of the surrounding environment. For example, history helps one to become part of his/her own country. Another significant importance of studying history is that students learn from it. History teaches all sorts of lessons. History helps students to make unpopular decisions that would be of significant help in their future. Moreover, studying of history helps everyone not to perform mistakes that various people did in the past. Through studying history, one can be able to forecast what might appear in future. History helps one to gain self-knowledge. This means that through studying history one is able to identify what to perform better and make considerable improvements in

Black Suffering Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Black Suffering - Term Paper Example The idea of a "suffering God" was put forward by some black theologians who coined the term by re-reading the Bible and comparing it against the backdrop of the hardships, oppression and struggles faced by them (Badham, 1998). In order to interpret the biblical significance of 'liberation' and justice; the black theologians referred to the exodus, and the messages of the prophets. The Gospel story of life, death and resurrection of Jesus was used as a biblical foundation to interpret love, suffering, hope, liberation and justice with regard to the struggle for freedom of the blacks. However, it was the actual suffering of the blacks in various countries across the globe that brought to the fore, a drastic change in the interpretations and reflections of Jesus Christ on the cross (West, Glaude, 2003). The issue of black suffering and black theology The African-American Christians have, historically maintained two fundamental tenets – that of God being the most powerful and kind being, and the existence of evil and suffering. These concepts have been popular throughout the history of black religion, i.e. ever since the beginning of black slavery to the creation of black churches, and continues to thrive, even today in the post-liberation, and post-institutionalized world. The black theology is which developed as a result of the civil rights movement, led to the awakening of a new consciousness among the black Christians, whereby a new sense of dignity and social awareness were realized. It is not only concerned with resolving issues related to culture, but also with the harsh realities experienced by the Blacks in America. However, despite the differences, it does not intend to question the idea of God, but instead connect the ideology conveyed by him, that of the existence of evil and suffering (West, Glaude, 2003). The black theologians primarily emphasize the experiences of blacks as a central aspect of their theological norms. It is argued that the the ological interpretations must commence with issues faced by the blacks and thus, ascertain the relevance of such issues to the religious teachings. Conventionally, there exists a paradox within black theology, where the black believers never blame the God for the sufferings and hardships suffered by the blacks during their racial oppression. On the contrary, the black churches have always preached a gospel justifying and re-emphasizing the sufferings of the black race and its contribution in building a morally strong and positive character. Also, the black suffering has been linked to various positive traits among the blacks such as the development of a strong moral leadership among blacks; as well as the fostering of religious humility which is the ultimate goal (West, Glaude, 2003). As mentioned in God of the Oppressed: â€Å"The cross of Jesus reveals the extent of God's involvement in the suffering of the weak. God is not merely sympathetic with the social pain of the poor but becomes totally identified with them in their agony and pain. The pain of the oppressed is God's pain, for God takes their suffering as God's own, thereby freeing them from its ultimate control of their lives. . . . God in Christ became the Suffering Servant and thus took the humiliation and suffering of the oppressed into God's own history. This divine event that happened on the cross liberated the oppressed to

Global Warming Essay Example for Free

Global Warming Essay According to Live Science, global warming is used to describe a gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earths atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to be permanently changing the Earths climate forever. The scientific consensus on climatic changes to global warming is that the average temperature of the Earth has risen between 0. 4 Cto 0. 8 C over the past 100 years (as cited in Live Science, n. d. ). In the article from the American Policy Roundtable Arguments against Global Warming, many claim that global warming is obvious and that all arguments against global warming fall. The problem is that what is obvious often isnt true. Concern over global warming is overblown and misdirected. More than 17,000 scientists have signed a petition circulated by the Oregon Institute of Science saying in part, there in no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earths atmosphere and disruption of the Earths climate. Satellite readings of temperatures in the lower troposphere show no warming since readings began 23 years ago. These readings are accurate within 0. 01 C, and are consistent with data from weather balloons. Only land-based temperature stations show a warming trend, and these stations do not cover the entire globe, and often contaminated by heat generated by nearly urban development, and are subject to human error (cited in American Policy Roundtable, n. d. ). When it comes to government and industrial leaders, a certain number of these are not being honest to citizens about the amount of pollution the industries and countries create. According to Exact Weather, from an article called Hysteria, all the main players from politicians and scientists to big corporations and the United Nations benefit from instilling fear into billions of human beings over the unproven theory of man-made global warming, Indeed, just three weeks after the U. N. ratcheted up international fears over global warming, a panel of 18 scientists from 11 countries has not reported to the U. N. that the only thing that can stop catastrophic climate change is a global tax on greenhouse gas emissions. Global problems, real or conjured up, require global governmental solutions. Environmentalism is nothing less than the global elitists replacement ideology for communism/socialism. Elitists who desire to rule other peoples lives have gravitated an even more powerful ideology. More powerful because it seems to trump all other considerations, as it claims the very survival of life on earth is dependent on implementing its agenda. (cited in Exact Weather, n. d. ). This is not the first time Americas major media has predicted an impending global climate crisis. It has happened four different time with each prediction warning that entire countries would be wiped out or that lower crop yields would mean the billions would die. In 1895, the panic was over an imminent ice age. Later, in the late 1920s, when the earths surface warmed less than half a degree, the media jumped on a new threat global warming, which continued into the late 1950s. Then in 1975, the New York Times headlined that global cooling was inevitable. Then in 1981, it was back to global warming, with the New York Times quoting seven government atmospheric scientists who predicted global warming of an almost unprecedented magnitude. (cited in Exact Weather, n. d. ). In an article written John Coleman, founder of the Weather Channel, he believes that not only is global warming the greatest scam in history, he believes some dastardly scientists with environmental and political motives manipulated long term scientific data to create an allusion of rapid global warming. Other scientists have also jumped into the circle to support and broaden the research to further enhance the totally slanted, bogus global warming claims. Mr. Coleman also believes that any person who spends a decade at a university obtaining a PHD in Meteorology and become a research scientist, more likely than not, becomes a part of that single minded culture. They all look askance like anyone, certain of their superiority. They respect government and disrespect business, particularly big business. They are environmentalists about all else. These scientists know that if they do research and results are in no way alarming their research will gather dust on the shelf and their research will languish. But if they do research that sounds alarms, they will become well know and respected and receive scholarly awards and, very importantly, more research dollars will come flooding their way. These scientists had to strive to be accepted, invited to present and review papers and travel to international meetings of the committee. Otherwise they were a nobody in the field. When many researchers did climate change studies in the late 90s they were eager to produce findings that would be important and be widely noticed and trigger more research funding. It was easy for them to manipulate the data to come up with results they wanted to make headlines and at the same time drive their environmental agendas. Then their like-minded Ph. D colleagues reviews their work and hastened to endorse ti without question (Coleman, n. d. ). Everyone has heard already that global warming is an international problem. Some say worldwide organizations are needed to address the worldwide issue to make sure all nations adhere to standardized pollution regulations. Some countries and the regions that comproise them have there own rules and regulations set to determine the daily life of how much electricity, coal, nuclear power, and other resources can be used, as well as how cars can be made, how buildings and bridges can be built as to not effect environmental damage. All of this comes at an extra cost to society and put more debt to these countries that implement the regulations. According to the article Destroying America to Save the World, the Kyoto Treaty is a international treaty designed to cut emissions that already contribute to global warming. The heart of the global warming dispute remains quite important. Scientists have been debating the reality of climate change and its potential impact for years. Despite extensive scientific opposition, worldwide environmental groups pushed for action that led to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change. The pact required reductions in emissions below 1990 levels for developed nations. When a ABC News report mentioned the estimated cost of the Kyoto Treaty if the United States implemented it, the result would be a damaging US economu with job losses and a increase in the price of energy by $2,000 per family. When the Fox News channel addressed the issue short, but to the point, it explained the reason for the U. S. opposition was that the treaty would not force reductions by the developing nations including major polluters such as China, but it would have cut emissions by about 30 percent beginning in 2008. Fox also mentioned that the supporters of the treaty believed the cost to American families was about $100 a year, while critics claimed it would have doubled the price of energy, costing families $2,700 a year. (Gainor, n. d. ) But this is not just the only example of regions, states, countries, or international communities imposing treaties or regulations that are costly. Arguments against Global Warming also mentions efforts by state governments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are even more expensive and threaten to bust state budgets. After raising their spending with reckless abandon during the 1990s, states now face a umulative projected deficit of more than $90 billion. Incredibly, most states nevertheless, persist in backing unnecessary and expensive greenhouse gas reduction programs. New Jersey, for example, collected $358 millions a year in utility taxes to fund greenhouse gas reduction programs. Such programs will have no impact on global greenhouse gas emissions. All they do is destroy jobs and waste money (cited in American Policy Roundtable, n. d. ). There are many developing nations that are beginning to feel the positive impact of economic growth and development. Some of those developing nations have shown high amounts of pollution that is clogging up these countries cities especially in China and India. The Kyoto protocol will not solve the problem because it costs are too much and there is skepticism about it among the international community. The best way to prevent developing countries from have revolutionary and economic uprisings is not through international public policies. In article called International Clean Energy Initiative from the Office of Science and Technology Policy, using Advanced, low-polluting energy technologies, developed and manufactured in the United States. It is an initiative built on a set of recommendations by the Presidents Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology and is directed at leveling the playing field between cleaner U. S. energy technologies and services and polluting alternatives. While this technology carries higher up-front costs, and can be risky to decision-makers in developing countries, the real benefits of the initiative will help lay the technical and policy foundation that will allow developing and transition countries to build a clean energy future, leapfrogging past the polluting energy technologies used by the industrial countries. cited in Office of Science and Technology Policy article, 2001, pg. 1) The best option for world enforcement of pollution control, economic growth, and political stability is no regrets. Arguments against Global Warming mentions that while the alternative demands for immediate action to stop global warming, the best option is to do nothing. The best option is to invest in atmospheric research now and in reducing emissions sometimes in the future if the science becomes more compelling. Right now, investments should be made to reduce emissions only when such investments make economic sense in their own right. This is the strategy of no regrets. The United States spends more on global warming research each year than the entire rest of the world combined, and American businesses are leading the way in demonstrating new technologies for reducing and sequestering greenhouse gas emissions. (cited in American Policy Roundtable, n. d. ). If many countries emulate the way the United States does its research on global warming, and uses its methods, world enforcement becomes less and less likely since there are alternatives other than control, rules, and regulation. (cited in American Policy Roundtable, n. d. ).

Robotic surgery

Robotic surgery Information Technology in Medicine: Should patients trust robotic surgery 1 Introduction to the topic Robots are ubiquitous today. They are found in our cars, in our houses, in our industries inside buildings and to places we neglect to notice. We trust robots to do everyday chores for us either by knowing directly or indirectly. Robots are becoming part of our lives and we have all accepted it. Today technology has advanced so that it allows for innovative robotic systems to be inserted in the medical field. New materials, ideas and technological advancements bring robotics into medicine. Robotics in medicine entails many advantages and benefits for both the doctors and the patients. But there are also some limitations in robotic surgery that cause doubt and uncertainty to people. However, as it happens with every new technological development, people need time to become familiar with it, to accept it and finally trust it. So the question is if the world is ready to accept and trust robots in health and more specifically in surgery. There will be people who are pioneers and enjoy trying something new, people who are skeptical and need to know everything about it before agreeing and people who will be afraid no matter how much proof theyre given. There cannot be an abrupt transition from classical surgeries without robots to surgeries all aided with robots. Gradually, the surgeries aided with robots will increase as peoples experience and trust increases. 2 IT Background 2.1 History of robotics Most of us when we hear the word â€Å"robot† we think of science fiction movies showing robots of the future, performing outstanding tasks. In fact, most of these robots seen are now everyday reality making our lives more convenient. One definition that could be given to a robot is â€Å"a reprogrammable multi-functional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.[1] Robotics is the engineering science and technology of robots, their design, manufacturing, and applications. It is related to electronics, mechanics, and software. ht_2bunimate_080415_sshRobots could not be manufactured until the 1960s when transistors and integrated circuits were invented. Compact, reliable electronics and a growing computer industry added intellect to the power of already existing machines. In 1959, researchers demonstrated the possibility of robotic manufacturing when they disclosed a computer-controlled milling machine.[2] The first digitally operated and programmable robot, the Unimate, was installed in 1961 to lift hot pieces of metal from a die casting machine and pile them.[3] Commercial and industrial robots are ubiquitous in performing jobs better, cheaper, more accurately and reliably than humans. They are also found in jobs that are too hazardous, dirty or tedious for humans.[4] 2.2 Robotics in surgery[5] Robotics in medicine is a fairly new, yet advancing field. It is now introduced in medicine, in the field of surgery as it allows for exceptional control and precision of surgical devices in minimally invasive procedures. Robotic surgery has as its main goal to design robots that will be able to be used in performing closed-chest, beating-heart surgery in collaboration with the surgeons. Munich_OR_415Today numerous surgical robots have been adopted by many operating rooms all over the world. Surgical robots are not actually autonomous â€Å"surgeons† capable of performing assignments on their own, but a helping assistant of the surgeons. A number of commercial corporations have been founded in order to create surgical robotic systems. Computer Motion, Inc. developed the AESOP Endoscope Positioner: a voice-activated robotic system for endoscopic surgery. In January 1999, Intuitive launched the DaVinci Surgical System, which is classified as a master-slave surgical system as it uses true 3-D visualization. In 2001 Computer Motion, Inc built the SOCRATES Robotic Telecollaboration System as well. It includes integrated telecommunication equipment along with the robotic devices in order to provide remote surgical telecollaboration. Computer Motion merged with Intuitive Surgical, Inc., in June of 2003. They introduced the ZEUS Surgical System. 3 Robotic Surgery Systems Robotic surgery systems are divided into three types: supervisory-controlled systems, shared-control systems and telesurgical systems. These systems differ in the sense that in each case there is a different degree of involvement of the surgeon. In some cases, the operation is carried out by the robotic system with a minimal intervention of the doctor. In other cases, the surgery is performed by the doctor with the help of the robotic system. 3.1 Supervisory-controlled systems [6] supervisorySupervisory-controlled systems are the most automated systems of all. But they still need the guidance of the surgeon and an extensive preparation before the initiation of the surgery. The surgeon inputs information and programs the robotic system to follow certain instructions. However, once these robots have been programmed, and start operating there is no option for adjustments and thats why the surgeon must keep a close watch of the surgery in the need of intervention. As it is known, not all people have the same body structure and so it is not possible to have standard instructions for the robot to follow. This is done in three stages: planning, registration and navigation. In the planning stage, the surgeon captures images of the patients body. As soon as the surgeon has imaged the patient, he must determine the path that the robot will take to operate. The next stage is registration, in which the surgeon links the images obtained before with points on the patients body. In order for the surgery to be completed successfully, the points must be positioned precisely according to the patients body. The final stage is navigation, which is the actual surgery. In this stage the surgeon places the patient and the robot so as the movements of the robotic system to follow the programmed instructions. When all preparations are complete, the robot is activated and the surgery is carried out. 3.2 Shared-control robotic systems[7] Shared-control robotic systems are a helping hand for the surgeons. The operation is carried out only by the surgeon who uses the robotic system manually in order to have greater efficiency. The robotic system monitors the surgeons actions during the operation and provides support and stability by â€Å"active constraint†.7 â€Å"Active constraint† is the process of labelling regions of the patients body with one of the four possibilities: safe, close, boundary and forbidden. Surgeons label safe regions the regions that are appropriate for the robot to be and to operate. For instance, a close region can be found in orthopaedic surgery in orthopaedic surgery, near the soft tissues. Many orthopaedic surgery tools can damage the soft tissue and so the robot limits the area that the surgery is safe to take place. This is done using â€Å"haptic† technology[8], which is the science and physiology of the sense of touch. This means that as the surgeon approaches the boundary region he will start feeling a resistive force and as he proceeds to the forbidden region the force is getting larger and once he enters the forbidden region the robotic system stops operating immediately. But in order for the robotic system to know which are those regions, the surgeon must program it first as it is done with the supervisory controlled systems. 3.3 Telesurgical systems [9] Telesurgery is a field of telemedicine that was developed in recent years and holds great interest. Today it can be seen as a two way transmission of picture and sound, allowing the communication between surgeons of little experience and surgeons of great experience to cooperate no matter the distance separating them. Also it is understood, this technology needs highly advanced software in order for the simulation to be feasible in the remote surgery room. For this purpose, systems of virtual reality are required that allow the surgeons that are in a different room or city or country to have an actual image of the operating room and of the procedure. Robots with camera will provide a better quality of the images as they will be in colour and enlarged. 3.3.1 Da Vinci Surgical System [10] The Da Vinci Robot is probably one of the most well-known robotic surgery systems in the world. It is a robotic system that is used in minimally invasive surgery, which means that the robot makes a petite aperture in the patients body that brings many positive results. DaVinci-Robot During the surgery, the surgeon sits in a console inside the operating room and handles the surgical tools of the robot. After the patient has been anaesthetized, three apertures are made on the patients body allowing the rods to enter. On the screen the surgeon observes the 3D image that the camera is transmitting through the patients body and which is handled by joysticks. The camera sees every movement of the robot and can be activated or deactivated any time from a button.[11] Every surgical arm is connected with a surgical tool and there is camera in the end of the main arm. One of the rods has a camera on it while the others have surgical tools able to cut, remove or stitch the tissues. The robotic system uses the same stitches and materials used in the traditional surgery. The surgeon can bend and rotate the arms like the human wrist guaranteeing increased percentage of success and important benefits much for the patient as for the surgeon. The Da Vinci robotic system includes a lenses system of three-dimensional view, which can make the surgical field as 15 times larger. Also, the camera allows the surgeon to go closer at the point of surgery than the human vision can and so the surgeon can perform the operation in a smaller scale than the conventional surgery allows. 3.3.2 Zeus Robotic Surgical System[12] The robotic surgical system Zeus was the first system to be used in 1999 to perform the first full endoscopic robotic surgery bypass with a beating heart. It consists of three basic parts: 1. 1zeusconsoleAn ergonomic control console 2. the central control computer 3. Robotic arms, which move with the movement of the surgeons hand. The surgeon sits comfortably in the surgical seat and handles the tools that are placed inside the patient. After the surgeons movements have been digitalized they are filtered, thinned and transmitted to the computers control station, which transfers those movements through an electromechanical interface to the robotic arms and to the tools. In addition, Zeus robotic system enhances the optical field of the surgery by enlarging it and also with the help of AESOP robotic system the surgeons hands are free to handle the surgical tools. 3.3.3 AESOP Robotic Surgical System [13] AESOP Robotic surgical system was developed by Computer Motion Inc. The period when it first came out, the surgeon could control the robotic arm remotely, manually or with a foot pedal but the most recent edition of AESOP 3000 is controlled with voice commands. The robotic arm contains and moves a camera which is used in MIS surgeries for the observation of the surgical field. The camera is placed at the edge of the robotic arm and is inserted in the patients body through an aperture of about 2cm. The robotic system AESOP is the surgeons third arm. By using simple commands such as â€Å"AESOP, move up† or â€Å"AESOP, move left†, the surgeon tells the robot to move the camera as he wishes. Every surgeon records his voice and has a voice card that is inserted into the system whenever he operates, in order for the robot to identify the commands. Usually the system works well. The robot may sometimes not recognize the tone of the voice of the surgeon is different from the recorded voice. But there is a support system with which the surgeon can handle manually if something like this happens. 3.3.4 SOCRATES Telecollaboration System [14] Socrates telecollaboration system was the first system to be approved (October 2001) for the new-founded category â€Å"telesurgery robotic systems†. It consists of advanced telecommunication equipment that is connected with medical devices and robotic systems. The system gives the surgeon who is at a remote location the opportunity to work with another surgeon who may be in an operating room across the globe. The system provides real time view of the surgery. In collaboration with Zeus robotic system, Socrates is the first fundamental step that marks the start of minimally invasive telesurgery. In 2001 Socrates robot along with Zeus robotic system performed the first translantic surgery. On September 7th, 2001 a group of surgeons in New York performed a cholecystectomy surgery on a patient located in France with the help of doctors that were there. The console and the robot were connected with fiber optic wires. This surgery was first tested on six pigs.That was the first com plete telesurgical process that was performed by surgeons 7000 away from their patient. The patient left the hospital 48 hours after the operation and returned to his social activities a week later. 4 Advantages and Limitations [15] 4.1 Advantages The advantages of robotic surgery are listed below: 1. Tinniest incisions result in: * Faster recovery * Shorter hospital stay and reduced costs * Less pain and fear * Less blood loss * Cosmetic benefit * Reduced risk of infection or complications * Less anesthesia required 2. Better sterilization 3. Robot immune to radiation and infections. 4. No muscle tremor or fatigue. 5. Elimination of need for personnel resulting in lower costs for the hospitals. 6. Shorter return to everyday activities(1-2 weeks) 7. Telesurgery: The ability to perform surgery from a different operating room. 8. A 3D camera provides an enhanced view. 9. Robots reach places that surgeons alone couldnt before. 10. Can be designed for a wide range of scales. 11. Surgeons dont get tired quickly as theyre seated and have less eye strain and they have the ability to control their natural flinching or nerves more effectively. 4.2 Limitations However some of its disadvantages and concerns are: 1. Robotic systems have highly complex software and it is very difficult to program and debug them. 2. Costs including the robotic systems ($750.000-$1 million), the maintenance and the training of surgeons are considerably high. 3. Since the need of personnel will be minimized, some surgeons will be left unemployed. 4. Telesurgery is based by a large percentage on the transmission of information between two locations. The more the distance between the two locations the more the time delay is inserted. This increased the period between the action and the result and after a certain point this makes surgery impossible in real time. 5. Synchronization during telesurgery is very critical and is not easy to attain. 6. Telesurgery is highly dependent on the security and reliability of the network. 5 Robotic Surgery in Greece [16] The first robotic navigation system used in a surgery procedure in Greece is the Vector Vision II system in â€Å"Ygeia† (see www.ygeia.gr) hospital in Athens. In February 2003 the robotic surgical system â€Å"Aesop 1000† was used to perform the first laparoscopic operation in the General Hospital of Crete, Greece. â€Å"Aesop 1000† is being improved in the labs of University of Crete and will be released as â€Å"Aesop 2000† and â€Å"Aesop 3000† and soon is expected to be used in more complex operations and surgeries. In addition, the school of medicine in the University of Athens offers advanced courses on robotic surgery. The course aims to teach basic robotic surgery skills such as instrument manipulation, camera control among others. This is done using the Da Vinci surgical system.[17] 1stdayIn November 8th,2006 the opening day of the Da Vinci robotic system took place in the Athens Medical Center Hospital. The president of the Hellenic Scientific Robotic Surgical Association Prof. K. Konstantinidis explained the fundamental principles of the Da Vinci robot to Greek ministers and the establishment of the Hellenic Scientific Society of Robotic Surgery. The first total hysterectomy in Greece was successfully carried out with the latest-generation Da Vinci Robotic Surgery System at the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Centre of Athens HYGEIA. the operation was broadcasted in real time during the daily conference held at the Hospital on Tuesday, July 1st 2008, titled Robotic Surgery in Gynaecology.[18] 5.1 Survey analysis A survey was conducted during October and November 2009 in Athens about robotic surgery, in which 73 people answered (ages 14-50). The survey included a questionnaire and it was distributed by email. Robotic surgery in Greece is in its infancy so it is quite reasonable to see that 72% of the people asked knew nothing about robotic surgery. 6 Social Concerns 6.1 Safety Safety is the prime concern of patients and doctors. People today have trouble trusting robotic devices in general and in the case of their healthcare the issue of trust is intensified. First of all, there is always the possibility of errors happening as total safety is a fallacy. Robots are programmed by humans who in turn are not infallible and are prone to make mistakes. In the case of robotic surgery a fault could have serious health injuries or death. Thus, the probability of errors must be kept at a very low level and in the case of a malfunction the system must be programmed to shut down immediately. Afterwards, the surgeon will have to take over complete the operation manually. So, it is obvious that the presence of a human doctor is mandatory and critical. There are many things that can go wrong which experts must take under serious consideration. Some problems resulting in system failures can be flawed design of the system, malfunction of software and hardware[19]or misinterpretation and inadequate specification. In order to eliminate the possibility of errors, mechanics must undergo â€Å"heavy† testing and reasoning about infinite scenarios. Also surgeons must prepare the robotic system cautiously so as not to forget anything which can backfire. They also need to have contingency plans like converting the robotic surgery to open surgery.[20] The increased testing and reasoning is time-consuming and usually involves high costs. Even though safety is a big issue, 41% of the people asked would go through a robotic surgery. This can be considered a good percentage as 65% of the people asked believed that robotic surgery is safe and reliable. 6.2 Reliability and knowledge Nowadays most people dont trust robots very easily. The reason for this is the lack of information and the fear that these robots/machines can harm them in a physical level or in a professional level. As it can be seen from the above 88% of the people asked have heard of robotic surgery but 56% of the people asked claimed to know very little about it. As it is stressed in a website about robotic surgery, and prostate cancer surgery in particular, most people worry about the side effects it could have on them such as sexual dysfunction and impotence.[21] Another concern was the fear of the robotic system and the probability of errors, but most people do a little research before resorting to robotic surgery. This way they minimize their worries and concerns. However, there still are people who despite the evidence dont trust robots with their health. Therefore, robotic surgery needs time to become known and trusted by the people. This percentage of 56% must be minimized and increase the percentage of knowledge. In the future, as robotic surgery will start being implemented into hospitals, there will be many surgeries done, successful or not, which will enhance robotic surgery by correcting the errors, the failures and any problem that may arise. This way, patients who had successful operations will spread the word and people will become more aware and acquainted with this new technological development. 7. Elevating concerns, resolving problems Robotics in surgery is a great helping tool, which holds many benefits and advantages for the surgeons and the patients. However, since it is still at an early stage of development there are problems in need for resolutions. One great concern is the reliability and safety in delicate surgical procedures. We cannot deny that machines are made from humans, who are not infallible and thus tend to make mistakes. Whether the surgery is done by a plethora of surgeons or by a single surgeon and a robot there is definitely the possibility of error. As with every new technology, people need time to get familiar with it and to start trusting it. Thus robotic-aided surgery just needs time to advance and to become more well-known. People who go through robotic surgery procedures will spread the good news. The media will start making more coverage of the issue as they learn about more cases. As mentioned by many patients in the Da Vinci website, they were very pleased with the surgery and the recovery time which proved to be shorter than expected.[22] Furthermore, the training of surgeons may take a while but it does not compare having to do a 6-hour surgery above the patient, getting tired and stressed with a 4-hour surgery sitting in the robotic device some metres away from the patient. The surgeon will tire less and will finish the surgery in less time. As far as the costs are concerned, patients in the Da Vince website did not worry about the costs so much because they were dealings with their health. And most people will do anything for their well-being.[23] 8. Future Robotic surgery has made quite a progress and development but it still has a long way to go. Many obstacles will be dealt with time and undoubtedly some new concerns may appear. Questions such as malpractice liability, credentialing, training requirements and license granting will have to be resolved in the future. Most people on the survey (49% to be exact) answered that robots could have negative implications on employment as robots will do most of the work that humans currently do and many of related jobs will be reduced. However, as mentioned in the advantages chapter, new fields are inserted into robotic surgery such as telemedicine, which shows that new needs for personnel emerge. Also it is quite interesting to note how the people asked are divided into three groups based on their answers concerning robotic surgeries in the future: There is a 64% of the people asked who have a positive outlook on robotic surgeries in the future and a 36% who are quite intimidated and afraid of this potential change. Part of this comes from the lack of information about robotic surgery and from the fact that it is still in an early stage. As far as robotic surgery is concerned, there is much to be done until it can reach its full potential. Even though, these robotic systems have enhanced dexterity significantly, they still need to advance the full potential in instrumentation or to integrate the full range of sensory input. Most people when hear about robotics, they think of automation. The possibility of automating some tasks is both exciting and controversial. Future systems might entail the ability for a surgeon to program the surgery and merely supervise as the robot performs most of the tasks. The possibilities for improvement and advancement are only limited by imagination and cost. 9. Conclusion Robotic surgery may be at an early stage, but that does not mean that it has not demonstrated its potential and significance, particularly in areas previously inaccessible by traditional procedures. However, it still remains to be seen if robotic surgery will replace completely conventional instruments in less technically demanding procedures. Robotic technology will bring major changes in surgery by enhancing and expanding laparoscopic procedures, advancing surgical technology and thus bringing surgery into the digital age. Not to mention, it possesses the potential to expand surgical treatment beyond the limits of human ability. The benefits of robotic surgery outweigh the costs. 10. Bibliography 10.1 Online (World Wide Web) Sources Pearl Tesler, Universal Robots: The history and workings of robots, 10 October 2009 Wikipedia, Robotics,16 July 2009 History of robotic surgery, Overview of Major Surgical Robotic Systems and Companies,17 July 2009 William Harris, How Haptic Technology Works, 4 September 2009 http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gadgets/other-gadgets/haptic-technology.htm Youtube, Robotic surgery demonstration, July 24, 2007, 7 September 2009 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0NZLpWrJGgk Youtube, Robotic Surgery, April 05, 2007,15 September 2009 Youtube, Robotic Heart Surgery, February 12, 2007, 19 September 2009 Youtube, Robotic Heart Surgery Allen Raczkowski, MD, February 03, 2009, 25 September 2009 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LezbxU5P1uc Robotic Surgery in Greece,22 April 2009,8 October 2009 http://roboticsurgery.gr Robotic Surgery, Simulation assisted training in Robotic Surgery,15 January 2010 Robotic Surgery ROBOTIC SURGERY IN TELEMEDICINE HYGEIA S.A.: The first total hysterectomy in Greece with the da Vinci  ® S Robotic System,1 July 2008,20 January 2010 http://www.kapetanakis-center.gr/www_eng/news/010708.pdf Robotic Surgery blog, Robotic reliability, 2 March 2007,17 January 2010 http://www.njurology.com/RoboticSurgeryBlog/robotic_surgery_basics/ Da Vinci Surgery, Patient Stories, 25 January 2010 http://www.davincistories.com/search-stories/search-stories-result.html?start=15condition=Prostate%20Cancer 10.2 Works-research papers Ø ΔÎ ­ÃÆ'πΠ¿ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ± ÃŽ §ÃŽ ¹ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¬Ã ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ³ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦,ÃŽ ¡ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¼Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€žÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¬ ÃŽ §ÃŽ µÃŽ ¹Ã ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦Ã ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¬ ÃŽ £Ãâ€¦ÃÆ'Ï„Î ®ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±Ãâ€žÃŽ ± (da Vinci, Ze ,Hermes). ÃŽ  Ã ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ²ÃŽ »ÃŽ ®ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±Ãâ€žÃŽ ± ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¹ Ï€Ï ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¿Ãâ‚¬Ãâ€žÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ­Ãâ€š.( Despoina Xisaroglou ,Robotic Surgical Systems, Problems and perspectives (accessed July 23rd,2009) Ø Caroline GL Cao Gary Rogers, Tufts University, Robotics in healthcare, (accessed June 12th ,2009) Ø Sunitha M.V, Robotic surgery, seminar report, August 2008 (accessed July 10th, 2009) Ø ΓÎ ºÃŽ ¹Ã ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ·Ãâ€š ΑÎ ¸ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¬ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š(Grinis Athanasios), ÃŽ ¡ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¼Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€žÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ · χÎ µÃŽ ¹Ã ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦Ã ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ® (robotic surgery) (accessed September 13th,2009) 11. Appendix 11.1 Robotic surgery Questionnaire 1. Have you heard about robotic surgery? a) Yes b) No 2. How much do you know about robotic surgery? a) A lot b) Very little c) Almost nothing 3.Do you know anything about robotic surgery in Greece? a) I know quite a few things b) I know very little c) I know nothing 4.Have you heard of any of the following robotic systems? a) Da Vinci b) Zeus c) AESOP d) Socrates Robotic System e) None of them 5. Do you think robots can perform surgery better than humans? a) Yes b) No c) Im not sure d) Maybe in the future 6. Do you think that robots could have negative implications on employment? a) Yes b) No c) Im not sure 7. Would you undergo a surgery aided with a robotic system? a) Yes b) No c) Im not sure d) If absolutely necessary 8. Do you think that robotic surgery is safe and reliable? a) Yes b) No 9. Would you avoid a robotic surgery due to costs? a) Yes b) No 10. How would you describe a future where all surgeries are done by robots? a) Very appealing b) Very useful and time-saving c) Not so happy about it. d) Quite frightening. 6 [1] Robot Institute of America, hf issues in surgery. PDF(accessed June 12th ,2009) [2] http://www.thetech.org/robotics/universal/index.html (accessed October 10th,2009) [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics (accessed July 16th ,2009) [4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics (accessed July 16th ,2009) [5]http://biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BI108/BI108_2004_Groups/Group02/Group%2002%20Website/history_robotic.htm (accessed July17th,2009) [6] Robotic surgery, a seminar report by Sunitha M.V. (accessed July 10th, 2009) [7] Robotic surgery, a seminar report by Sunitha M.V. (accessed July 10th, 2009) [8] http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gadgets/other-gadgets/haptic-technology.htm (accessed September 4th, 2009) [9] ÃŽ ¡ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¼Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€žÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ · χÎ µÃŽ ¹Ã ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦Ã ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ® (robotic surgery)- ΓÎ ºÃŽ ¹Ã ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ·Ãâ€š ΑÎ ¸ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¬ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š (pdf file)(accessed September 13th,2009) [10] ÃŽ ¡ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¼Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€žÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ · χÎ µÃŽ ¹Ã ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦Ã ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ® (robotic surgery)- ΓÎ ºÃŽ ¹Ã ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ·Ãâ€š ΑÎ ¸ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¬ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š (pdf file)(accessed September 13th,2009) [11] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0NZLpWrJGgk (accessed September 7th, 2009) [12] ÃŽ ¡ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¼Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€žÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¬ ÃŽ §ÃŽ µÃŽ ¹Ã ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦Ã ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¬ ÃŽ £Ãâ€¦ÃÆ'Ï„Î ®ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±Ãâ€žÃŽ ± (da Vinci, Ze ,Hermes). ÃŽ  Ã ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ²ÃŽ »ÃŽ ®ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±Ãâ€žÃŽ ± ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¹ Ï€Ï ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¿Ãâ‚¬Ãâ€žÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ­Ãâ€š.(Robotic Surgical Systems, Problems and perspectives) by Despoina Xisaroglou. (pdf file) (accessed July 23rd,2009) [13] ÃŽ ¡ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¼Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€žÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¬ ÃŽ §ÃŽ µÃŽ ¹Ã ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦Ã ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¬ ÃŽ £Ãâ€¦ÃÆ'Ï„Î ®ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±Ãâ€žÃŽ ± (da Vinci, Ze ,Hermes). ÃŽ  Ã ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ²ÃŽ »ÃŽ ®ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±Ãâ€žÃŽ ± ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¹ Ï€Ï ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¿Ãâ‚¬Ãâ€žÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ­Ãâ€š.(Robotic Surgical Systems, Problems and perspectives) by Despoina Xisaroglou. (pdf file) (accessed July 23rd,2009) [14] ÃŽ ¡ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¼Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€žÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¬ ÃŽ §ÃŽ µÃŽ ¹Ã ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦Ã ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¬ ÃŽ £Ãâ€¦ÃÆ'Ï„Î ®ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±Ãâ€žÃŽ ± (da Vinci, Ze ,Hermes). ÃŽ  Ã ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ²ÃŽ »ÃŽ ®ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±Ãâ€žÃŽ ± ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¹ Ï€Ï ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¿Ãâ‚¬Ãâ€žÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ­Ãâ€š.(Robotic Surgical Systems,Problems and perspectives) by Despoina Xisaroglou. (pdf file) (accessed July 23rd,2009) [15] Robotic Surgical Systems,Problems and perspectives) by Despoina Xisaroglou. (pdf file) (accessed July 23rd,2009) http://wikipedia.com/robotics (accessed July 16th,2009) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mR-PC8kCi_A (accessed September 15th,2009) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0NZLpWrJGgk (accessed September 7th,2009) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k3gIa_w4GXQ (accessed September 19th,2009) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LezbxU5P1uc (accessed September 25th,2009) [16] http://roboticsurgery.gr (accessed October 8th,2009) Robotic Surgical Sy

Utopian Thought in William Shakespeare :: Biography Biographies Essays

Although Columbus had discovered the "New World" in 1492, it is interesting to note how relatively uninterested Shakespeare was in the Americas or the western travel that was sweeping Europe. While some Englanders focused their attention and dreams on the uncivilized land in the west, Shakespeare "dreamed and wrote of the old world, of battles long ago, of an ancient story-land already splendid in its braveries and devotions" (Thorndike 110). He has left no evidence that might suggest any interest in the voyagers or the dangers faced on the uncharted oceans of the west, but he knew of the colonization endeavors through leaders such as Southampton, his early patron (110). The disinterest changed, though, when he read of the Sea Adventure shipwreck. In the year 1609, a year before the estimated writing of The Tempest, nine ships set out from England to strengthen John Smith's Virginian colonies. En route, though, one of the ships was carried away from the other during a storm. The lost ship, the Sea-Adventure, had on board the operation commanders, and all of the passengers were presumed to be lost at sea. However, a year later, news reached England that the crew and passengers of the Sea-Adventure had been blown to the coast of a Bermudan island, but they survived and rejoined the party the following year. Stunned English journalists reported many accounts of the shipwreck, and it is from these stories that some historians attribute Shakespeare's initial inspiration for the setting and foundation of The Tempest (Wain 202-203). After the shipwreck and news of the amazing survival, there were numerous

The Power of Peer Pressure :: Peer Pressure Essays

According L K Cardin Smith and S a Fowler from the department of continuing education. â€Å"Classroom peers can serve as powerful sources of reinforcement in increasing or maintaining both the positive and negative behaviors of their classmates. In two experiments, we examined the effectiveness of a peer-monitored token system on reducing disruption and nonparticipation during a transition period of a kindergarten class for behaviorally impaired children. Additionally, the effect of providing and subsequently withholding corrective feedback to peer mediators on the accuracy of their point awards was evaluated. Results in Experiment 1 suggest that both teacher- and peer-monitored interventions were successful in decreasing disruption and increasing participation of monitored peers. Experiment 2 further demonstrated that peer monitors could successfully initiate the token system without prior adult implementation. Analysis of the point awards in both experiments indicates that peer m onitors consistently awarded points that were earned. However, when corrective feedback was withdrawn the peer monitors frequently awarded points that were not earned, i.e., they rarely withheld points for undesirable behavior. Even so, the monitored peers' disruptive behavior was maintained at low rates.† Teens aren't the only affected by it. It’s an epidemic. That challenges everyone, not only kids or teens but teens and adults alike. â€Å"The main consequence of saying no to negative peer pressure is not just withstanding "The heat of the moment," as most adults think. Rather, it is coping with a sense of exclusion as others engage in the behavior and leave the adolescent increasingly alone. It is the loss of the shared experience. Further, the sense of exclusion remains whenever the group later recounts what happened. This feeling of loneliness then becomes pervasive but carries an easy solution -- go along with the crowd.† (MICHAEL RIERA, Uncommon Sense for Parents with Teenagers) (http://www.notable-quotes.com/p/peer_pressure_quotes.html#JFfXdBCK18YwLwIx.99) Peer Pressure affects everyone differently. For example, adults might be pressured to do something for work. The loss of what would happen if they didn't do it is the motivation. Sounds like blackmail, to me. However teens might be pressured into something by their friends this could go either way. Before I go much farther. There’s two types of peer pressure positive and negative. Positive is when someone helps you to do something that you wouldn't have had the courage to do on your own. Some examples could include doing a sole in choir, or trying out for a sport. Negative peer pressure however, is when someone constantly tells you should try it.

Film Noirs Effect on Modern Cinema Essay -- Movies France Films Essay

Film Noir's Effect on Modern Cinema High heels click on wet pavement, shady detectives stand in the shadows, shots ring out through the cold, dark city night-just another moment in film noir. These seedy, almost underground films are considered to be some of the best and most influential pictures in the history of Hollywood by anyone's standards, most certainly some of the darkest. Even though the glory days of film noir have long passed and given way to big budget productions, their influence and effect on the industry can be felt and seen throughout the movies of today. The term film noir is a French term literally meaning, black cinema. During the second world war occupying Germans would control what pictures the people of France saw, and it was not until after the war that the French got a glimpse of what American cinema had been doing for nearly five years. The first thing they noticed was how dark the films were both literally and figuratively; hence the name 'black cinema' [1]. Critics were shocked to see plot lines focusing on betrayal, murder, and topics thought to be taboo at the time including drug use and rape. These films were indeed revolutionary in their time, pushing the limits of what was thought to be acceptable on a motion picture screen in America during the 1940?s and 1950?s. There will be more detail on the plot lines of film noir, as well as examples. But for now, let us focus on the memorable characters introduced to the viewing public through the dark lens of a noir camera. The most prevalent was often the hard boiled detective or private eye, always a male he was considered to be an anti-hero because he was himself no angel and was often corrupt somehow (the most common example was fall... ... and there. However, it is allowed to come out of the shadows as the classic movies have an enormous following of fans and students wanting to study them and the techniques used to bring them such unique life. No matter what though, these films will never go away so long as there is a wet side street with high heels clicking down it, with the echo of a far off gunshot somewhere in the cold dark night. Works Cited Miklitsch, Robert. ?A Panorama of American Film Noir, 1941-1953?. [Film Quarterly, Berkeley Summer 2004]. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=3&did Dirks, Tim. ?The Greatest Films-Film Noir?. http://www.filmsite.org/filmnoir.html No author. ?The Internet Movie Database- The Matlese Falcon/Cape Fear/Double Indemnity http://www.imdb.com Dirks, Tim. ?Review- Blade Runner (1982).? http://www.filmsite.org/blad.html

Oppression and Dehumanization in George Orwell’s 1984 Essay

George Orwell uses his novel 1984 to convey that human beings, as a species, are extremely susceptible to dehumanization and oppression in society. Orwell demonstrates how a government’s manipulation of technology, language, media, and history can oppress and degrade its citizens. In 1984 the political manipulation of technology oppresses the people of Oceania and leads to the downfall of individuality and of the qualities that define humanity. Telescreens and the Internet are used not for entertainment purposes but to monitor people’s lives. In Orwell’s case, Pynchon cites media technologies such as interactive flat-screen TVs and the Internet as instruments of surveillance’† (Deery). The impact of spying via the telescreens reduces people’s opportunities to behave freely. Therefore invasion of privacy happens daily and widespread paranoia sets in. â€Å"There was of course no way of knowing whether you were being watched at any given moment. How often, or on what system, the Thought Police plugged in on any individual wire was guesswork. It was even conceivable that they watched everybody all the time. But at any rate they could plug in your wire whenever they wanted to† (Orwell 2). The never-ending surveillance by law enforcement invades personal privacy. Without privacy, the freedoms and rights of individuals are demolished. By distorting technology the Party subjugates the people of Oceania. To maintain their totalitarian hold, the Party directly limits free speech and free thought by manipulating language itself. In a democratic society equality allows citizens to be different yet enjoy equal rights. Repression of equality destroys people’s ability to act independently from one another. â€Å"In ‘Politics and the English Language’ (1946) Orwell lists ‘equality’ as one of those ‘words used in variable meanings, in most cases more or less dishonestly. ’ (5) In 1984 he reveals even sharper anxieties about the term: Here not only has the ideal of equality as understood by the best political thinkers been totally abandoned, but the actual word itself has been reduced by ‘Newspeak’ to mean no more than ‘identical’† (Kearney). In 1984 politicians consciously manipulate concepts and ideas. This paralyzes the human ability to express feelings and emotions, which is exactly what the totalitarian government desires. â€Å"We shall crush you down to the point from which there is no coming back. Things will happen to you from which you could not recover, if you lived a thousand years. Never again will you be capable of ordinary human feeling. Everything will be dead inside you. Never again will you be capable of love, or friendship, or joy of living, or laughter, or curiosity, or courage, or integrity. You will be hollow. We shall squeeze you empty, and then we shall fill you with ourselves† (Orwell 148). By manipulating language the Party replaces individual feeling with Party propaganda. To broadcast their dehumanizing propaganda, the government in 1984 manipulates the media and exposure to it. People are unable to form their own opinions and therefore must rely on the media to do so for them. The people of Oceania are unable to think critically, for example, about public figures. But what was strange was that although Goldstein was hated and despised by everybody, although every day and a thousand times a day, on platforms, on the telescreen, in newspapers, in books, his theories were refuted, smashed, ridiculed, held up to the general gaze for the pitiful rubbish that they were, in spite of all this, his influence never seemed to grow less† (Orwell 7). Through only allowing exposure to their propaganda the Party is able to control the minds of its citizens. Citizens are only exposed to propaganda glorifying the Party. News propaganda is omitted of negative statistics and through this omission nothing is left to report but positive statistics. The people are robbed of an opportunity to criticize the Party, adding to their overall dehumanization. â€Å"The fabulous statistics continued to pour out of the telescreen. As compared with last year there was more food, more clothes, more houses, more furniture, more cooking-pots, more fuel, more ships, more helicopters, more books, more babies — more of everything except disease, crime, and insanity. Year by year and minute by minute, everybody and everything was whizzing rapidly upwards† (Orwell 33). Through omitting the negative, the people are only informed of the positive. Society is left with nothing to question, and nothing to analyze. By deceiving the people, the Party is able to maintain support, and therefore power. This manipulation of media allows oppression to go unnoticed because the citizens are unable to think critically. By manipulating history and giving no opportunity for inquiry the government dehumanizes the people even more by destroying free thought. The Party knows that memories will lead to questions, and then to critical thought. So it implements Doublethink and Newspeak as tools to negate the urge to question the legitimacy of the Party’s history. â€Å"The Party tacitly acknowledges the limitation of its control of the material and by implication the circulation of stories and memories by the implementation of both Doublethink and Newspeak. Doublethink can only be thought of as an imperfect system of thought control most at risk by the conjunction of materially anchored memory. The very need for the existence of the concept acknowledges that failure, since from the trajectories traced through the material city there emerge spatial codes that challenges both forms of discursive control as well as a reformulated history† (Phillips). The government reformulates history, takes out the inconsistencies. The people are exposed to more propaganda. Due to their lack of critical thinking ability they are unable to question its accuracy. The Party maintains its totalitarian society by lying, cheating, and deceiving its citizens. Accumulation of knowledge is one way that an individual can stand out from the rest. The Party makes it impossible for any knowledge to be accumulated, since history is always being rewritten. â€Å"If, for example, Eurasia or Eastasia (whichever it may be) is the enemy today, then that country must always have been the enemy. And if the facts say otherwise then the facts must be altered. Thus history is continuously rewritten† (Orwell 124). Through these alterations the government destroys the desire to question, and therefore the desire to criticize. By manipulating history the Party is able to eradicate free thought. The Totalitarian society in 1984 is under the absolute control of the Party. â€Å"The past is whatever the records and the memories agree upon. And since the Party is in full control of all records and in equally full control of the minds of its members, it follows that the past is whatever the Party chooses to make it† (Orwell 124). The Party robs its citizens of another opportunity to be individuals, and to think differently than each other. The extent of its control of the people doesn’t stop there. In Oceania the government forces its own citizens to participate in rewriting history. The Party oppresses the people by not allowing individual decisions. It demands that people must lie and therefore destroys an opportunity to speak freely. â€Å"The reporting of Big Brother’s Order for the Day in The Times of December 3rd 1983 is extremely unsatisfactory and makes references to non-existent persons. Rewrite it in full and submit your draft to higher authority before filing† (Orwell 24). By making citizens participate in the rewriting of their own history, the government is able to destroy individuality. Through this forced involvement in the manipulation of history the Party corrupts the mind and wipes out any trace of individuality inside. While the people’s minds are vulnerable, they are filled up with propaganda in support of the totalitarian government of Oceania. Government facilities of Oceania clearly display the Party’s commitment to oppression and dehumanization. They are prepared to lie to, and deceive the people for years to come. â€Å"There were the vast repositories where the corrected documents were stored, and the hidden furnaces where the original copies were destroyed. And somewhere or other, quite anonymous, there were the directing brains who co-ordinated the whole effort and laid down the lines of policy which made it necessary that this fragment of the past should be preserved, that one falsified, and the other rubbed out of existence† (Orwell 24). It’s shown that the Party does not care about humanity, individuality, or personal freedoms, therefore carries out its own agenda to achieve a society in which the people are totally controlled by the government. In conclusion George Orwell’s 1984 clearly depicts that human beings are susceptible to oppression and dehumanization in society. Orwell’s predictions about the political use of these technologies appear to have been accurate. Hence today, ‘News is whatever the government says it is, surveillance of ordinary citizens has entered the mainstream of police activity, reasonable search and seizure is a joke† (Deery). Through 1984 Orwell shows how the citizens of Oceania are oppressed and dehumanized through the Party’s manipulation of technology, language, media, and history. Orwell warns that oppression and dehumanization may be carried out by governments around the world, secretly manipulating us.

Emotional Intelligence And Organisational Effectiveness Education Essay

Introduction:This is a ego motivated statement by Pulitzer Prize victor Robert Frost ( American Poet ) that speaks of a individual ‘s aspiration to make higher bases in life without acquiring distracted by vicissitudes of life. It is any enterpriser ‘s dream to hold employees with this degree of self motive. But the fact is a far call from the ideal image. Harmonizing to the Gallup Management Journal ‘s Employee Engagement Index, 29 % of employees are actively engaged in their occupations, 54 % are not-engaged, and 17 % are actively disengaged. The statistics on work force battle are surprising. About two 3rd of the workers are either reasonably engaged or non engaged. * Obviously, it is difficult to disregard this aftermath up call. Pull offing human resource for productive grounds has planetary deduction excessively. Human resources play a important function in the development procedure of modern economic sciences. As quoted by Sitaram Singh in his book, Arthur Lewis observed, â€Å" There are great differences in development between states which seem to hold approximately equal resources, so it is necessary to ask into the difference in human behavior. † ( Lewise, 1965 )[ 1 ]. Sing that India is one of the universe ‘s fastest emerging economic systems, developing human resources for competitory advantage should be one of the premier concerns for organisations runing in India. Harmonizing to NASSCOM studies, the IT-BPO industry will witness a healthy growing in this twelvemonth, led by growing in the nucleus markets and supplemented by important parts from emerging markets. The Indian IT-BPO Industry is expected to transcend USD 70 billion in FY'11. The bettering demand scenario has led to increased hiring and hence employment grew by about 9 % in a demand constrained environment. The industry head count add-on is expected to duplicate this twelvemonth to touch 200,000 new employees, taking to 2.5 million direct employment. â€Å" Peoples are our greatest plus â€Å" is a cliched statement we frequently encounter in one-year studies and diaries of assorted organisations. It is an uncontested fact that people are the assets on which competitory advantage is built, whether in the populace or private sector, in the corporate universe or in the universe of instruction, particularly due to the displacement of focal point from fabricating sector to serve orientation. Companies spent a immense sum of resources like clip, money and energy to better their concern and to convey in the film editing border by following the best schemes like Six sigma, Employee authorization, Information sharing matrix, Business ownership, Superior work life balance, Learning organisations etc. A common yarn running within all this is Human Resource- indisputably the most importance resource for an organisation. Therefore, surveies refering betterment of Human Resource have greater significance.1.1Back land of the subject of resea rchTurning consciousness that Emotional Intelligence is critical for work success has captured the attending of many concern houses. Harmonizing to Goleman ( 1998 ) the factor that separates a superior performing artist from an mean performing artist is Emotional Intelligence. When Goleman reviewed competence theoretical accounts of 121 companies for 181 different places, it was found that about two 3rd of the competences required for effectual public presentation were emotional competences. Emotions are built-in portion of human behaviour. In Charles Darwin ‘s book, ‘The look of emotions in Man and Animals ‘ ( 1872 ) , he wrote about emotional valency and strength. Harmonizing to Darwin ‘s theoretical account, there are 7 primary emotions, which include ; Happiness, Surprise, Disgust, Contempt, Anger, Fear and Sadness. Intensity could be experienced and understood by the person himself and may be expressed in footings of per centum. Darwin postulates that fa cial look of basic emotions is cosmopolitan and can be understood by people across different civilizations. Emotions are inside out and outside in. An single tends to experience the emotion congruent to the facial look. For case, glowering will make the emotion of bitterness. Every, people-oriented occupation demands correct usage of emotions, though emotions by itself will non take you really far in calling. Even though emotions are an intrinsic portion of our biological do up, our cultural wisdom prevents us from exhibiting emotions in work topographic point. The experience of emotion is determined from the point of position of the person and is really subjective. It has a biochemical and hormonal constituent. Expressing emotions, including the negative emotions, is natural. It so requires developing to take the right grade of look of emotion in response to day-to-day events of life. Many research workers have strengthened the organic structure of research refering to emotions. Robert Plutchik ( 1980 ) has contributed to this field by making wheel of emotions that talk about primary and secondary emotions and changing combinations of emotions and strength of emotions.Robert Plutchiks Wheel of EmotionsBeginning: Robert Plutchik, ( 1980 ) Emotion: A Psychoevolutionary Synthesis, New York: Harper & A ; Row, 1980. ISBN 0-06-045235-8 Robert Plutchik ( 1980 ) describes the relation between emotion constructs, correspondent to the colors in the coloring material wheel. Like the colorss of wheel, primary emotions can be combined to organize secondary emotions. For illustration, Fear and Surprise together can bring forth awe. In the wheel of emotions, 8 primary emotions ( Trust Vs Disgust, Joy Vs Sadness, Fear Vs Anger, Surprise Vs Anticipation ) are arranged in 8 sectors of 4 braces of antonyms. The sections contain positive and negative emotions of changing grades. For case, apprehensiveness, if non controlled at the right clip will increase in degree to go sadness, finally climaxing in heartache. Similarly, irritation can go anger and can be heightened to go a province of fury. The intense emotions takes a batch of energy and are by and large short lived and finally gets converted in to more natural and digesting lesser grades of emotions. Correct usage of emotions will lend to successful and fulfilling life. At the same clip, out of control emotions can turn out to be black. In work life every bit good as personal life, it can impact person ‘s ego individuality, relationship with others and undertaking completion. Psychology connected articles frequently mention about â€Å" Amygdala highjack † , a term originally coined by Daniel Goleman ( 1996 ) in his book â€Å" Emotional Intelligence – Why it can count more than IQ? † . To understand the construct of Amygdala highjack, it is indispensable to stray a small from the research subject to advert a few biological constructs briefly. Different environmental stimulations received by different centripetal variety meats are processed by Thalamus in the encephalon and it directs the information to Neocortex ( The Thinking encephalon ) that routes the signal to Amygdala ( The Emotional encephalon ) . The Amygdala so releases peptides and endocrines to the blood watercourse to bring forth emotion and action. But when high grade of sensed menaces are encountered, the smooth sequence is disrupted and Thalamus bypasses Cortex and straight direct s signals to Amygdala, which in bend generates the crude battle or flight response, there by bring forthing irrational and riotous emotions, taking to Amygdala highjacking. This amounts to out of control behaviour which leads to workplace fury Though emotions have such a strong biological base, emotions and responses to emotions can be tamed. Learning to get the hang the emotions and using the appropriate emotions at the work topographic point will travel a long manner in accomplishing a successful balance in the work topographic point. Controling the riotous emotions before it erupts in to heightened signifier will guarantee harmonious work environment. This makes it imperative to understand Emotional competency and Emotional Intelligence. Until the last two decennaries, it was strongly believed that IQ is all it takes to be successful life. Gardner ‘s multiple intelligence theory in the early 1980s brought in a different position and mentality towards intelligence and brought inter personal and intra personal intelligence to the bow forepart. Emphasizing Gardner ‘s position point, Steven Covey in 1990 wrote a book, â€Å" 7 wonts of extremely effectual people † wherein he said that verbal and concluding ability signifier a really little spectrum of human intelligence and inter and intra personal accomplishments are most of import for being effectual and successful. Slowly, many more research workers added on to the organic structure of research, where they concluded that non cognitive ability is every bit or more of import than IQ. It is apparent that single competence of employee contributes to organisational success, but the socio -behavioral features and work topographic point accommodations of an single mostly determines an employee ‘s success in his occupation. A modern-day administration ‘s employee demands to believe globally and move locally to get at calling success. The current research has deductions at single, organisational and national degree. Harmonizing to Sumantra Ghosal, renowned professor of strategic leading of London Business school and once Harvard university, â€Å" The most of import beginning of a state ‘s advancement is quality of its direction † ( Mann 2000 pp23 ) . Since the nucleus aim of the survey is to place the positive impact of Emotional Intelligence on calling success of single employee, which will lend to organisational success and at that place by, improvement of Nation, the survey has National relevancy. Harmonizing to Zeidner, Mathews and Roberts ( 2001 ) , people with high degree of Emotional Intelligence experience more calling success, construct more stronger personal relationships, take more efficaciously and bask better wellness than those with lower EQ. More motivated, emotionally healthy and socially cohesive work force is a certain mark of decreased tendency of â€Å" encephalon drain † ( Other states taking off the pick of autochthonal endowments ) .At organisational degree, it is understood that EQ of employees play a major function in company ‘s advancement. The Tata Group, for case, identifies future leaders based on a combination of experience and emotional intelligence – ego consciousness, self direction, self motive, empathy and societal accomplishments. ( What is Emotional Intelligence? March 15, 2010, Human Resource Management ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.citeman.com. ) . The emotional adulthood and value system of the leader impacts the squad to a big extent. Emotionally intelligent squads will impel the organisations to greater highs.In a theoretical account of Emotional Intelligence and organisational effectivity, Cherniss et Al ( 2001 ) describes how Emotional intelligence can impact organisational effectivity. The organisational factors on the left manus side of the theoretical account, viz Leadership, HR maps and organisational clime and civilization influence emotional intelligence through its impact on relationship and each of these three factors influence the other two. For case, Emotional Intelligence of organisational leading influences the administration ‘s clime and thereby impacts organisational effectivity. Different HR maps like enlisting, choice, preparation, sequence planning etc will impact organisational leading, there by impacting the organisational effectivity. Leadership in bend can act upon the HR maps at that place by make up one's minding the extent to which employees can better their Emotional Intelligence by make up one's minding the extent of Emotional Intelligence preparation. This explains the interconnectivity of organisational factors, single and team Emotional Intelligence and finally, organisational effectivity. By right and timely deployment of resources, organisational effectivity can be improved to a great extent.A theoretical account of Emotional Intelligence and Organisational Effectiveness ( Cary Cherniss and Daniel Goleman2001 )Leadership HR Functions Organizational Climate and Culture Relationships Organizational Effective Individual Emotional Intelligence Group Emotional IntelligenceBeginning: Cary Cherniss and Daniel Goleman, â€Å" The Emotionally Intelligent Workplace: How To Choose For, Measure, And Improve Emotional Intelligence In Individuals, Groups, And Organizations † , 2001, Published by Jossey-Bass, Page 8, ISBN 0-7879-5690-2At single degree, EI has big deductions on single success. As Goleman states, â€Å" out-of-control emotions can do smart people stupid † ( 1998, p. 22 ) . Debra Benton, ( 1992 ) wrote in â€Å" Lions Do n't Necessitate to Roar † , that people who are incapable of understanding and associating to others have a really short life rhythm in occupations. She feels that the distinguishing factor between high-octane professionals and others is a high degree of EI, compassion and energy to map in a squad environment ( DA Benton, â€Å" Lions Do n't Necessitate to Roar † , 1992 – Grand Central Publishing ) . Persons with high Emotional Intelligence can place and command their emotions easy and utilize their emotions the right manner to act upon and command others behavior. Their ability to accommodate to alter gives them an border over their equals. Importance of Emotional Intelligence in the field of faculty members has a really logical base. Academicians are entrusted with preparing tomorrow ‘s citizens of the state. Emotionally Intelligent academicians will lend in developing the pupils in with right mentality towards life. Research workers have started recognizing the importance and relevancy of research in this thrust country. Progressive states like Singapore have already taken active enterprise in Social & A ; Emotional Learning ( SEL ) . Other states like Malasya, Hongkong, Japan, Korea, UK, Australia etc have besides included the constructs of Emotional Intelligence at schools. In 2002, UNESCO undertook initiative to advance SEL by directing 10 basic rules of implementing to education ministries of 140 states. A research conducted in UK by Hay McBer ( 2000 ) came up with a model for effectual instruction. Data was collected from 80 schools and 170 instructors. Career history and making of instructors, their instruction accomplishments, their professional accomplishments and schoolroom clime were analyzed utilizing schoolroom observation, in depth interviews, questionnaire, focal point groups etc. Pupils ‘ advancement informations were collected and analyzed individually. Research findings identified 3 chief factors within instructors control that significantly influenced student ‘s advancement. They are ; Teaching accomplishments, Professional features, Class room clime. Professional features are deep sitting forms of behaviour like how the instructor does the occupation, self image, values, traits, motive that drives public presentation etc, which are frequently displayed by outstanding instructors. They identified 16 features, for effectual instructors which are clustered und er 5 caputs. Interestingly, about all these features overlap with aspects of Emotional Intelligence. The survey concluded that there is a moderate correlativity between higher degree of pupil achievement addition over clip and higher degree of Hay instructor effectivity step. This survey has given drifts to the current research to happen out the relationship between calling success of academicians and their emotional intelligence. Model of professional features of instructors ( Hay McBer, 2000 )ProfessionalismChallenge and support, assurance, Creating Trust, Respect for OthersThinkingAnalytic Thinking, Conceptual ThinkingPLANNING & A ; SETTING EXPECTATIONS Drive for betterment, Information seeking, InitiativeRELATING TO OTHERSImpact and Influence, Team working, Understanding othersLead Flexibility, Keeping Peoples Accountable, Managing Pupils. Passion for larning From this theoretical account, it is apparent that Emotional Intelligence of academicians plays a cardinal function in pupil public presentation. Deploying resources to better the Emotional Intelligence will travel a long manner in accomplishing coveted academic public presentation. Training in Emotional Intelligence will besides convey out the best in the student, who is equipped with competences of ego consciousness, self control and societal consciousness. This will finally bring forth quality work force when they join their calling. Progresss in engineering and scientific discipline provide countless chances for companies to specify new boundaries, come up with advanced merchandises, and supply their merchandises and services at best competitory prices- processes that finally assist fulfill the demands of the society. Companies grow merely when their employees turn. Growth within the organisation helps companies tread new evidences with assurance and senior leaders in the organisation are on the changeless sentinel for immature and gifted professionals within the organisation who can take up new challenges in unknown frontiers. Today ‘s aspiring leaders and competent directors face challenges on emotional and mental forepart while run intoing deadlines, accomplishing marks, accepting new challenges or confronting ferocious competition. They have to be good equipt and trained to pull off this challenge to accomplish higher echelons in calling. Effective use of human resource will reflect in administration ‘s public presentation. This survey attempts to understand the impact of emotional Intelligence on employees success in calling.1.2 Understanding EIEmotional Intelligence is all about understanding ego, commanding and tweaking the look of emotion suitably, maintaining an optimistic mentality towards life by self motive, understanding others positions, Influencing others efficaciously for positive results, constructing bonds and developing others and eventually to pull off emphasis without haltering productiveness. Majority of surveies on Emotional Intelligence dating back to 1980s are concentrated in the western states, though there has been transverse cultural surveies on Emotional Intelligence. Studies conducted in India in the field of EI have given more attending to understanding the relevancy of EI in the corporate scenes. ( Singh, S.K,2007, Sinha & A ; Jain, 2004, Hari Shankar Pande, 2010, Srivastava & A ; Bharamanaikar, 2004, C.P. Khokhar et Al ( 2009 ) , Rathi. N & A ; R. Rastogi ( 2009 ) . A survey of EI of employees across states were besides conducted by Singh.D ( 2005 ) . There is a dearth of research in the filed of relevancy of EI for academicians and no published information is available on comparing the EI degrees of package professionals and academicians. ‘This becomes all the more of import, sing the fact the this is an epoch of multi national and planetary companies wherein there is larger impetus of human resource from one geographical location to another distant location, due to which understanding and accommodating to the work civilization and new challenges have become a common work related activity. Understanding and pull offing one ‘s emotions right, coupled with understanding others and arousing the needed work related responses helps an employee to mount the ladder rapidly.1.3 History of Emotional IntelligenceThere is a big organic structure of research on Emotional Intelligence across assorted states. But the really construct of Emotional Intelligence was understood and studied by many in earlier yearss. The first recorded construct of Emotional Intelligence can be traced back to Charlse Darwin. The first book on emotions was published in 1872by Charles Darwin- The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals.I n this book, Darwin negotiations about assorted primary emotions and emphasizes the theory of Survival of fittest, that negotiations about adaptability to the surrounding, which is the key to success. In 1930s, Edward Thorndike describes the construct of â€Å" societal intelligence † as the ability to acquire along with other people. During A 1940s, David Wechsler defined intelligence as sum of planetary capacity to move purposeful, believe rationally, and to cover efficaciously with his environment. Wechsler proposed that no intellective abilities are indispensable for foretelling one ‘s ability to win in life. David Wechsler suggests that affectional constituents of intelligence may be indispensable to success in life. Gradually there came a displacement in the construct of intelligence, where intelligence included a broader array of mental abilities. Howard Gardner pioneered the construct of Multiple Intelligence in 1983. He proposed that Interpersonal and Intra per sonal Intelligence are every bit of import as the type of intelligence typically measured by IQ trials. He advised pedagogues to appreciate pupils with varied accomplishments and larning manners. In 1985, the first usage of the term â€Å" Emotional intelligence † was attributed to Wayne Payne ‘s doctorial thesis â€Å" A survey of emotion: developing emotional intelligence ; self-integration ; associating to fear, hurting and desire ( theory, construction of world, problem-solving, contraction/expansion, tuning in/coming out/letting spell ) . † In 1985, Dr Reuven Baron coined the term â€Å" Emotional Quotient â€Å" to depict his attack to asses emotional and societal operation. In 1987 in an article published in Mensa Magazine, Keith Beasley uses the term â€Å" emotional quotient. † It has been suggested that this is the first published usage of the term. Rigorous research in this field was done by psychologists Peter Salovey and John Mayer and subse quently in 1990 they published an article titled, â€Å" Emotional Intelligence, † in the diary Imagination, Cognition, and Personality. The two psychologists concluded seven old ages subsequently that emotional intelligence comprised four mental procedures. Though a batch many researches were undertaken and published in this field, the term Emotional Intelligence did non derive popularity and impulse boulder clay 1995, when a screen page article by Nancy Gibbs et Al appeared in Times magazine, which read â€Å" What is your EQ? â€Å" ( Time Magazine, October 1995 ) . Daniel Goleman, psychologist and New York Times journalist, through his best Sellerss â€Å" Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ? ( 1995 ) â€Å" , and â€Å" Working with emotional intelligence † ( 2000 ) brought the word â€Å" Emotional Intelligence â€Å" as a common term, even understood by a layperson. In the twelvemonth 1997, Reuven Baron created EQ-i, the first trial to m ensurate Emotional intelligence, published by a psychological trial publishing house. In the twelvemonth 2000, American idiom society chose the term â€Å" Emotional Intelligence â€Å" as the most utile new word of the decennary.1.3 Definition, theoretical accounts and steps of Emotional Intelligence:There are varied definitions of emotional intelligence and sing any one as a standard definition has become virtually impossible. Some of the following are most popularly used definitions of Emotional Intelligence, used by bulk of the bookmans and research workers in the field of Emotional Intelligence.Salovey and Mayer ‘s Definition: ( 1997 ) â€Å" Emotional Intelligence is the ability to perceive emotions, to entree and generate emotions so as to help idea, to understand emotions and emotional cognition, and to reflectively modulate emotions so as to advance emotional and rational growing. †Ability Model of Peter Salovey and John Mayer ( Mayer, J.D. & A ; Salovey, P. ( 1997 )The most popularly used ability based step of Emotional Intelligence is Mayor Salovey Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test ( MSCEIT ) . It has chronbach alpha of 0.68- 0.71. Dr. Reuven Bar-On ‘s Definition: â€Å" Emotional -Social Intelligence is a transverse subdivision of interconnected emotional and societal competences, accomplishments and facilitators that determine how efficaciously we understand and express ourselves, understand others and associate with them, and header with day-to-day demands ( Bar-On, R. ( 1997 ) . The Emotional Quotient Inventory ( EQ-i ) : a trial of emotional intelligence. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems. ) . Baron ‘s definition lays more accent on version to environmental challlenegesDr Reuven Bar-on ‘s Emotional and Social Intelligence Model ( Bar-On, R. ( 1997 ) .Emotional Quotient Inventory ( EQi ) is the tool used to mensurate Baron ‘s Emotional Intelligence. It has a chronbach alpha of 0.85. Daniel Goleman ‘s Definition: â€Å" Emotional Intelligence refers to the capacity for acknowledging our ain feelings and those of others, for actuating ourselves, and for pull offing emotions good in ourselves and our relationships.Goleman ‘s Emotional Competency theoretical account ( ( Goleman, D. ( 1998 ) .Goleman ‘s Emotional Intelligence step is Emotional Competency stock list ( ECI ) by Boyatzis, Goleman and Hay Mcber ( 1999 ) . It has chronbach alpha of 0.71- 0.85. vitamin D ) Petrides and Furnham ( 2000 ) proposed Trait EI ( or ‘trait emotional self-efficacy ‘ ) , which refers to â€Å" a configuration of behavioural temperaments and self-perceptions refering one ‘s ability to acknowledge, procedure, and use emotion-laden information † .Trait Emotional Intelligence or Trait Emotional Self efficaciousness Model ( Petrides, K. V. & A ; Furnham, A. ( 2000 ) .FACETS FACTORSAdaptability Self-motivation Assertiveness Emotion direction ( others ) SOCIABILITY Social competency Emotion look Relationship accomplishments Trait empathy EMOTIONALITY Emotional perceptual experience ( Self and others ) Impulsiveness ( low ) Stress direction Self-denial Emotion ordinance Self-esteem Trait felicity Wellbeing Trait optimism Trait Emotional Intelligence is measured utilizing TEIQue developed by Petrides, Perez and Furnham ( 2003 ) . It has a chronbach alpha of.85. Proliferation of different theoretical accounts and tools of Emotional Intelligence which are standardized globally and available in local linguistic communication makes it hard to take a tool which is universally accepted. There are more than 60 different types of EI stock lists mentioned in a book written by Schutte & A ; Malouff ( 1999 ) titled â€Å" Measuring Emotional Intelligence and related concepts † . This is apart from the non standardised and tested EI trials freely available on the universe broad web. All the above mentioned theoretical accounts of EI one common characteristic is that the theoretical accounts bifurcated the EI competence with regard to self and society. It is hard to rate any of the steps of EI to be superior over the other. Harmonizing to Salovey et all ( 2007 ) , mental ability theoretical account can merely be called competently as emotional intelligence theoretical account, the others being more generic. Mental ability the theoretical account is through empirical observation tested and it meets the standards of standard intelligence. Due to the presence of excessively many theoretical accounts, definitions, trials and books on EI, the research in the field of EI has become extremely diverse. It is excessively early to come to a consensus on a cosmopolitan definition, theoretical account and trial of EI, sing the fact that even the most widely recognized trial for IQ, The Wechsler intelligence graduated table was coined after over 100 old ages of clinical appraisal and research. ( Salovey.P. , 2007 ) . Researchers in this field should judiciously take the tool to mensurate EI of respondents based on the research intent and context. Harmonizing to Holt and Jones ( 2005 ) , assorted theoretical account of EI is preponderantly used across the universe. Many research workers tried set uping function of emotional intelligence with calling facets of employees. Different occupations may necessitate different degrees of emotional intelligence. Influence of Emotional Intelligence on occupation public presentation depends to a big extent on the type of occupation. Academics is one field which requires high degree of emotional intelligence. In a survey of college of principals by Sala ( 2000 ) , it was found that emotional intelligence was positively correlated with public presentation steps. There are many closely related surveies demoing the prognostic power of Emotional Intelligence occupation related attitudes in different businesss. Multiple surveies conducted by Sitarenois, G. ( 1998 ) , Sergio, R.P. ( 2001 ) , Slaski, M. & A ; Cartwright, S ( 2002 ) and Zeider et all ( 2004 ) concluded that higher Emotional Intelligence is associated with better public presentation evaluation. Stephane Cote ( 2010 ) , from University of Toronto ‘s Rotman School of Management concluded that emotional intelligence is a separate trait from other leading qualities such as holding cognitive intelligence and being concerted, unfastened to thoughts, and painstaking. Harmonizing to him, anybody who wants to prosecute a place of leading and power can profit from Emotional Intelligence. ** Emotional intelligence connected accomplishments help an person to accomplish the calling aims in synchronism with organisational aims. At any given degree in an organisation, employees will be covering with varied stakeholders at different points in their calling. The accomplishments required for interacting with them are mostly EI connected accomplishments, along with cognitive ability. The following table gives a bird ‘s oculus position on EI connected accomplishment that could be used for efficaciously pull offing the organisation.Table 1.1 Emotional Intelligence connected accomplishments for pull offing the organisational environmentSL No Stake holder Aims EI connected Skills 1 Management Growth as per mark, Quick information, Delivering on borders Achievement Drive, Commitment, Self motive, Adaptability Optimism 2 Customers Good service, Seasonably bringing Lower monetary value Social consciousness, Service orientation Committedness, Empathy 3 Sellers Higher monetary value, Higher volume Seasonably payment Leveraging diverseness, Conflict direction, Negotiation accomplishments 4 Direct studies Career Growth, Learning Gaining Developing others, Leveraging diverseness Political consciousness, Empathy, Influence Communication, Leadership, Change accelerator Conflict direction, Building bonds, Collaboration and cooperation, Team capablenesss1.4 Work related properties of high EI personsThe premier competency of high EI person is good ego consciousness. This ability helps an single to command riotous feelings while covering with hostile people. Mirror construct of ego consciousness is alexithymia, which is communicating upset, where in the person is barren of the ability to understand and show emotions as it occurs. Accurate self appraisal is about ever an property of a star performing artist. They are cognizant of their strengths and they seek out feedback for ego betterment. Harmonizing to Boyatzis, 1982, high grade of ego assurance differentiates the best from mean performing artists. High EI persons are by and large bestowed with High enterprise excessively. Those with inaugural act before they are forced to make so by external forces. This means two things: Taking prevenient actions to avoid jobs before they happen and taking advantage of chances before they are seeable to others. They have farsightedness to separate between a wise determination and hapless determination. Empathy gives an sharp consciousness to others emotions, concerns and demands. High empathy individuals pick up others emotions from non verbal cues. Sensitivity to others is critical to a occupation public presentation particularly the occupation demands interpersonal interaction. Empathy has important application in culturally diverse work force. Empathy helps in absorbing accurate information instead than fall backing to pigeonholing of persons, which leads to falsify perceptual experience about stereotypic persons. Organisational consciousness gives a high EI individual an penetration into political under currents and behind- the- scene networking, which in bend helps in act uponing employees to get at a needed result. Influencing others is of course a distinguishing property of star performing artists. They do so utilizing assorted schemes like feeling direction, Inspirational entreaty, Rational persuasion, Ingratiation etc. Making and keeping unfastened channels of communicating is a trademark of high EI individual. A good struggle direction manner is an indispensable manifestation of high Emotional intelligence. Keeping diplomatic negotiations while managing hard people is the key to conflict direction.1.5 Ethical consideration:The globally standardized questionnaire TEQue -SF is used to carry on study research after taking the blessing of transcript right entirely for research intent. Data collected from assorted companies in the Information Technology and Educational Institutions were collected with the consent of the several authorization in each of the establishment with a non revelation clause. Confidentiality of participants ‘ responses was ensured.1.6 Organizational Deduction of the surveyCorporates have started recognizing the benefits of encompassing the construct of Emotional Intelligence. Emotional Intelligence can be efficaciously used in Succession planning. Some of the Indian concern companies like TATA group ( March 2010 ) *** identifies future leaders based on a combinatio n of experience and emotional intelligence – ego consciousness, self direction, self motive, empathy and societal accomplishments. Companies that hire and promote people to leading places may happen the positive relationship between transformational leading manner and emotional intelligence utile. Promotion and development of High EI transformational leader will assist in making a harmonious organisational civilization. In the country of Selection, happening new hires with already high EI will cut down the preparation cost to a big extent, as the new occupation officeholder is deft in accommodating to new state of affairss. Progressive organisation takes proactive determination and formulates policies, which promote engagement and advancement of adult females there by making trueness among adult females employees particularly during the clip when trueness is a disappearing virtuousness. Understanding the gender difference in emotional intelligence can assist the organisation to tap the country of competency of single employee by apportioning most suited occupation profile based on emotional competency. Tailor made developing plan based on the country of betterment of EI competence instead than holding a generalist attack to developing can cut down developing cost. Emotional Intelligence goes a long manner in improved employee relationships. High EI can convey in organisational alteration faster than Low EI individual. High-EQ persons are dexterous inducers and incentives because they can read others ‘ cues and adjust their ain words and behaviours consequently. The current survey will give a unsmooth thought about the EI degree of employees of IT industry every bit good as academicians. EI mark of employees in both the industries will be an index to place developing demands in the country of Emotional Intelligence. The secondary literature shows that directors with high EI learn foreign linguistic communications faster and adapts to new state of affairss. This can assist in make up one's minding on taking the exiles for MNCs.